Working with UNIX Text Editors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with UNIX Text Editors - Essay Example The writer mode allows the operator to enter the text on the system, the write mode uses the lower case letters, and this is because the visual editor is more sensitive to lower case letters (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Two ways might be used to create or open the file using the Visual text editor (VI). Some of those ways include; typing the word VI on the computer command space and saving the file using the most appropriate name that one has chosen. The file might be open by tying the VI and the name that one used to save the document. The second way of creating and accessing the document is by typing the name VI, this is accompanies by the file name. For example, if one wants to create or open a file named as Joe, one may type vi/home/Joe to access that particular file (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Some of the common navigation commands utilized by VI include but not limited to; b, 1, j, k, (,), W, 1G, W, U, B, F and D. The command implies that one should move left, while 1 means that there should move one character on the right, the character J means one line downward movement while k implies one line upward movement. The command, (, means the beginning of the sentence while,), means the quell of a sentence. The command w means a word should be written. On the other hand, the command, Ctrl>U make the screen to move the screen halfway while command B moves the entire screen upwards. Command F moves the screen downwards and finally command D makes the screen to move halfway (Sco Group, Inc, 2005). The VI has three modes of operation namely; input, command and line operation modes. The input mode is used for entering a text into a given file. This mode requires the user to type the word VI into the command prompt. The

Noah and Utnapishtims Wild Ride Essay Example for Free

Noah and Utnapishtims Wild Ride Essay Almost every religion in the world has a story about the â€Å"Great Flood† which destroys the earth, and each teaches its followers a different story about this disaster. While the Babylonians have the story of Utnapishtim from the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Judeo Christians have Noah from the Bible. Both men save a few people and many animals. In these stories, Noah and Utnapishtim seem to have similar situations, but a further analysis shows how truly different the two stories are. The boats in each story are exceptionally different. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim’s boat was six stories high, had nine apartments in each story, had a flat bottom, and was one hundred and twenty cubits high as well as wide (par 5-6). Utnapishtim covered the inside of his boat with bitumen, and covered the outside of it with pitch (par 6). Noah’s ark was made of cypress wood, and was coated in pitch on the inside and out (6:14). It was three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits wide, and thirty cubits high (6:15). It had three decks, a door, and a roof (6:16). The Lord shut Noah in the ark with his family and the animals, and Utnapishtim shut himself in when the flood waters came (7:16; par 9). Each story tells of a storm, but there are conflicting differences in each one. The storm in Utnapishtim’s story lasted for six days and six nights (par 14). On the seventh day, the rain stopped and the waters receded (par 14). They stayed in the boat for at least another week before they decided the land had dried enough (par 16). The storm in Noah’s story lasted for forty days and forty nights (7:17). The floods were on the earth for a hundred and fifty days (7:24). Noah, his family, and the animals stayed on the ark for three hundred and ninety two days (7:6, 8:14). Utnapishtim stayed on the boat until the raven did not come back, and Noah stayed on the ark until God told him to come out (par 16; 8:15-16). Noah and Utnapishtim each sent out birds to let them know when they could leave the boat, but sent out different ones in different parts of their stories. When the waters started to recede, Utnapishtim sent out a dove first, and she came back finding no place to rest (par 16). He then sent out a swallow, which also returned (par 16). The third bird he sent out was a raven, and she did not return, for she had found a place to rest (par 16). The first bird Noah sent out was a raven (8:7). He sent out the dove next, but she returned with no place to rest (8:8-9). He waited for a week and sent the dove out again, and she brought back an olive branch (8:10-11). He waited yet another week and sent her out again, but this time, she did not return (8:12). In each story, the birds that let them know the water is gone are different. Noah and Utnapishtim seem to survive similar situations in each story, but they are a far cry from each other. Each of their boats is built in different dimensions, are made from varied kinds of materials, and structured differently. The storms in each story lasted for assorted periods of time, and they were inside the boats for different lengths of time as well. They both sent out different birds for various reasons in their stories. Each story clashes with the other in numerous distinctive ways.

Moses Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Mystery of Moses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moses is one of the most revered and important characters of the Old Testament. Yet, as much as we know about the people of that time, Moses is still a figure shrouded in mystery. His existence is not proven; his life is contradictory to itself, and his persona, as shown through the bible, is immensely glorified. But, who was he? Was he real or just a bedtime myth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many theories of the origin of Moses. According to the bible Moses was a man born of Hebrew descent. At the time of his birth, the Pharaoh felt his kingdom threatened by the Israelites (Hebrews) and ordered that every newborn male Israelite be dropped into the Nile River. His mother, daughter of Levi according to the New American Standard Bible, placed him in a basket made of reed and send him down the river in fear for his safety. He was picked up and adopted by the Pharaoh's daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day Moses witnessed a taskmaster beating an Israelite for no reason so Moses killed the taskmaster. The Pharaoh heard of this and ordered that Moses be sentenced to death. He escaped the land of Egypt to Midian where he met his wife Zipporah. He had lived in Midian for a while when the Lord appeared to Moses in the form of a burning bush. The lord gave Moses the task of leading the Israelites out of bondage and into then Promised Land. He reluctant ly accepted after god told him the name by which to call him. The New American Standard Bible states simply that god revealed his secret name to Moses and Moses accepted. Other versions of the bible talk of a staff that can transform into a snake and a hand of Leperas. Either way, Moses accepted and descended into Egypt to talk with the Pharaoh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moses asked for his people s freedom and the Pharaoh refused. He then brought ten plagues to Egypt water to blood, frogs, gnats, flies, pestilence, hail, locusts, darkness, and death of the first born. The Israelites were granted passage out of the lands of Egypt and they headed towards the Red Sea. When they reached the Red Sea, the Pharaoh was behind them, pursuing with a sense of vengeance. The Lord helped Moses to part the waters of the Red Sea and the Israelites made their way through the towering waters. The Egyptian army followed and was swallowed by the waters as ... ...arguments to their being the same person, but is it possible the chronological scale could have been that far off. It is hard to prove or disprove this theory until we find the tomb of Akhanaton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether Moses was real, another person entirely, or just a bedtime story for small children, he led the Hebrew people to the Promised Land. He fulfilled the covenant given to Abraham and Isaac and Israel. His story is arguably the most important in the Old Testament, taking up five books. He lived the life of an Egyptian prince, a simple Shepard, and the Hebrew savior, leading his people out of oppression. â€Å"Since then no prophet has arisen in Israel like Moses, whom the Lord knew face to face. He had no equal in all the signs and wonders the lord sent him to perform in the land of Egypt against the Pharaoh and all his servants and all his land, and for the might and the terrifying power that Moses exhibited in the sight of Israel.† (Deut. 34.10) Bibliography Hooker, Richard. â€Å"Akhnaton.† World Civilizations. 1996 (30 Sept. 2000) The New American Bible. Iowa Falls: World Bible Publishers, Inc., 1991

Strongman by Tony Curtis and Mid-term break by Seamus Heaney :: English Literature

Strongman by Tony Curtis and Mid-term break by Seamus Heaney deal with the subject death of a family member. Compare both poems showing how the poets introduce their subjects. Which poem did you prefer and why? One of the poets, Tony Curtis, is Welsh, whilst, Seamus Heaney is Irish. Seamus Heaney has grown up on a farm in Northern Ireland with his brothers and his parents. The whole family has taken on the family business of farming, while Seamus Heaney received an education. Both poets are still alive today. These two poems describe the deaths of a family member. The "Mid-term break" is the tragic death of Heaney's four-year-old brother and the poem progresses over twenty-four hours. "Strongman" is describing the author's strong, caring father who dies naturally in "his final hour". While the "Mid-Term Break" had an awkward and devastating mood the "Strongman" has a more positive outlook on the family member's death as it looks back into the younger, happier times. There are a few other comparisons that can be made, whilst the "Mid-Term Break" is a death that shocked people, the "Strongman" was a peaceful and easy to accept death. In this essay I intend to look at the differences and similarities in the poems. The first poem I intend to discuss is "Mid-Term Break" by Seamus Heaney. The title "Mid-Term Break" suggests the poem is about children as we associate a mid-term break with school holidays. Other first impressions given in this poem relate to poor health or death. We relate to this due to the use of nouns such as "sick bay" and adverbs describing school bells as "knelling". This could also be reflecting the emotions of the child in the sick bay; at this point we are not sure. The structure is interesting, because at first glance we see that it has a regular pattern to it, which are three lines to each stanza. This possibly implies that the events that take place in the poem are predictable. However, the final line is a stanza on it's own, drawing you to it and creating a large impact on the audience. In the second stanza an awkward atmosphere and tone is introduced. The poet meets his "father crying"; this is one of the factors that make this stanza awkward. Men in the days when this poem was written (1966) were stereotypically thought of as strong people emotionally and physically, therefore, for the young poet to see his father crying on the porch would have made him feel uneasy. Furthermore, the dash at the end if each line causes the lines to flow as one sentence, this is

Alice’s Adventure of Self Discovery in Wonderland

The bildungsroman novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll elucidates the idea of humans needing to be faced with a drastic situation, in order to grow and develop their own identity. Alice begins in the novel as a respectful and naive child, one typical of the Victorian Era. She struggles with adjusting to the new situations, as well as the growth and changes of her body. Alice’s escapades in Wonderland allow her to change her views with regard to authority as well as to understand different life situations. Alice’s time in Wonderland compels her to become more independent as well as to stand up for herself, ergo becoming a mature, self-reliant young woman. Alice’s adventures in Wonderland permit her to understand and accept her body’s baffling changes. As Alice enters Wonderland, a world where nothing is the same, her body changes sizes eleven times, something that is drastic for anyone, not only a young girl. When â€Å"she sat down and began to cry again† (Carroll 17), this was in regard to her body’s rapid and confusing changes. Alice’s body changed, she was completely hopeless as well had no idea on how to deal with the situation, much like a child entering puberty. When a child first enters puberty, they are extremely uncomfortable, but eventually they become more and more comfortable with the changes and in their own skin. Alice proves that she is becoming more comfortable with herself and her identity when she declares, â€Å"Oh dear! I’d nearly forgotten that I’ve got to grow up again! Let me see-how is it to be managed† (39). Alice’s body no longer has control over her, but instead she has control over her own body. Throughout Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice continues to become more comfortable with her body as well as in foreign and unfamiliar situations. Alice’s adventure allows her not only to become more comfortable with her body, but also more comfortable in regard to understanding the role that authority plays in society. When Alice first enters Wonderland, she is a confused, helpless child, who does not understand how to stand up for herself. In the beginning of the novel, Alice is thrown into a world where the strict rules she lives by no longer apply, and as a result does not understand how to act, especially in regard to authority. When the Rabbit makes a mistake of calling to Alice saying, â€Å"Why Mary Ann, what are you doing here? †¦ Alice was so frightened she ran off at once without saying a word† (10), Alice clearly acknowledges and understands the mistake. Due to her strict, traditional Victorian upbringing, she was taught to obey authority at all costs and never to contradict someone who was in a position of power. In Wonderland however, all that Alice thought she knew about authority is tossed aside, as those rules no longer apply. Although Alice indubitably knows she is not Mary Ann, the Rabbit’s maid, she is too afraid to disobey authority and point out the error of his ways. However, further on in the novel, as well as further on in Alice’s growth as a human, she becomes more comfortable with speaking up to authority. When Alice contradicts the Queen and her poor decisions when the Queen exclaims, â€Å"Off with her head! Off with her.. † but Alice barges in and declares that it is â€Å"nonsense. † (72). Alice not only becomes more comfortable as herself, but more comfortable speaking up and against authority, an important aspect of maturing. Alice’s growth and maturing not only depends on her physical size, but it also depends on her ability to adapt to new situations. In Wonderland, all of the new rules that come with these strange games, from the caucus race to the croquet game are metaphors to social situations. At the beginning of Alice’s adventure, Alice is confused by these new social situations, and does not quite now how to react to them. During the croquet game, Alice is unsure and â€Å"rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on her face like the three gardeners. † (35). Alice had never been in a situation like this, and she clearly did not know how to react, something that is learned over time as a person matures. Another example further along in the novel is when Alice is thrown into a new situation, where a baby is in danger, irrefutably a situation she had never been in before. Although Alice was unfamiliar with the social protocol, or what one would typically do in such a situation, she was mature enough to trust her instincts and stand up for the child by exclaiming at the Duchess, â€Å"Oh please mind what you’re doing! You nearly took his nose off! † (39). As Alice continues to mature and emerge as a young adult, she begins to trust her intuitions as well as defends her thoughts and ideas. Through Alice’s journey, she becomes more mature and as a result, adapts to new situations more easily. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a fantasy, bildungsroman novel that explores coming of age, in regard to puberty as well as social maturity. Although within the novel, it is Alice’s physical size that changes quite often, she matures throughout the novel while in Wonderland, adapting more easily to new, frightening situations as well as developing her moral courage. Alice begins her adventure as a frightened young girl, one who can barely cope in a situation, and she ends her journey being a strong, fearless and independent young woman.

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea Tens of thousands of students and other protestors poured into the streets of Gwangju (Kwangju), a city in southwestern South Korea in the spring of 1980. They were protesting the state of martial law that had been in force since a coup that previous year, which had brought down the dictator Park Chung-hee and replaced him with military strongman General Chun Doo-hwan. As the protests spread to other cities, and the protestors raided army depots for weapons, the new president expanded his earlier declaration of martial law. Universities and newspaper offices were shuttered, and political activity was banned. In response, the protestors seized control of Gwangju. On May 17, President Chun sent additional army troops to Gwangju, armed with riot gear and live ammunition. Background to the Gwangju Massacre The portraits of former president Park Chung-hee and his wife Yuk Young-soo. Yuk Young-soo was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of Park Chung-hee. Woohae Cho​/Getty Images  Ã‚   On October 26, 1979, South Korean President Park Chung-hee was assassinated while visiting a gisaeng house (Korean geisha house) in Seoul. General Park had seized power in a 1961 military coup and ruled as a dictator until Kim Jae-kyu, the Director of Central Intelligence, killed him. Kim claimed that he assassinated the president because of the increasingly harsh crackdown on student protests over the countrys increasing economic woes, brought about in part by skyrocketing world oil prices. The following morning, martial law was declared, the National Assembly (Parliament) was disbanded, and all public meetings of more than three people were banned, with an exception only for funerals. Political speech and gatherings of all kinds were prohibited. Nonetheless, many Korean citizens were optimistic about the change, since they now had a civilian acting president, Choi Kyu-hah, who promised among other things to halt the torture of political prisoners. The moment of sunshine faded quickly, however. On December 12, 1979, Army Security Commander General Chun Doo-Hwan, who was in charge of investigating President Parks assassination, accused the army chief of staff with conspiring to kill the president. General Chun ordered troops down from the DMZ and invaded the Department of Defense building in Seoul, arresting thirty of his fellow generals and accusing them all of complicity in the assassination. With this stroke, General Chun effectively seized power in South Korea, although President Choi remained as a figurehead. In the days that followed, Chun made it clear that dissent would not be tolerated. He extended martial law to the entire country  and sent police squads to the homes of pro-democracy leaders and student organizers to intimidate potential opponents. Among the targets of these intimidation tactics were the student leaders at Chonnam University in Gwangju... In March 1980, a new semester began, and university students and professors who had been banned from campus for political activities were allowed to return. Their calls for reform - including freedom of the press, and an end to martial law, and free and fair elections - grew louder as the semester progressed. On May 15, 1980, approximately 100,000 students marched on Seoul Station demanding reform. Two days later, General Chun promulgated even harsher restrictions, closing down universities and newspapers once more, arresting hundreds of student leaders, and also arresting twenty-six political opponents, including Kim Dae-jung of Gwangju. May 18, 1980 Outraged by the crackdown, about 200 students went to the front gate of Chonnam University in Gyungju early on the morning of May 18. There they met thirty paratroopers, who had been sent to keep them off the campus. The paratroopers charged the students with clubs, and the students responded by throwing rocks. The students then marched downtown, attracting more supporters as they went. By early afternoon, local police were overwhelmed by 2,000 protestors, so the military sent about 700 paratroopers into the fray. The paratroopers charged into the crowd, bludgeoning the students and passersby. A deaf 29-year-old, Kim Gyeong-cheol, became the first fatality; he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time, but the soldiers beat him to death. May 19-20 Throughout the day on May 19, more and more furious residents of Gwangju joined the students in the streets, as reports of increasing violence filtered through the city. Businessmen, housewives, taxi drivers - people of all walks of life marched out to defend the youth of Gwangju. Demonstrators hurled rocks and Molotov cocktails at the soldiers. By the morning of May 20, there were more than 10,000 people protesting downtown. That day, the army sent in an additional 3,000 paratroopers. The special forces beat people with clubs, stabbed and mutilated them with bayonets, and threw at least twenty to their deaths from high buildings. The soldiers used tear gas and live ammunition indiscriminately, shooting into the crowds. Troops shot dead twenty girls at Gwangjus Central High School. Ambulance and cab drivers who tried to take the wounded to hospitals were shot. One hundred students who sheltered in the Catholic Center were slaughtered. Captured high school and university students had their hands tied behind them with barbed wire; many were then summarily executed. May 21 On May 21, the violence in Gwangju escalated to its height. As the soldiers fired round after round into the crowds, protesters broke into police stations and armories, taking rifles, carbines and even two machine guns. Students mounted one of the machine guns on the roof of the universitys medical school. The local police refused further aid to the army; troops beat some police officers unconscious for attempting to help the injured. It was all-out urban warfare. By 5:30 that evening, the army was forced to retreat from downtown Gwangju in the face of the furious citizens. The Army Leaves Gwangju By the morning of May 22, the army had pulled out entirely from Gwangju, establishing a cordon around the city. A bus full of civilians attempted to escape the blockade on May 23; the army opened fire, killing 17 of the 18 people aboard. That same day, army troops accidentally opened fire on one another, killing 13 in a friendly-fire incident in the Songam-dong neighborhood. Meanwhile, inside Gwangju, teams of professionals and students formed committees to provide medical care for the wounded, funerals for the dead, and compensation for the families of victims. Influenced by Marxist ideals, some of the students arranged to cook communal meals for the people of the city. For five days, the people ruled Gwangju. As word of the massacre spread throughout the province, anti-government protests broke out in nearby cities including Mokpo, Gangjin, Hwasun, and Yeongam. The army fired on protestors in Haenam, as well. The Army Retakes the City On May 27, at 4:00 in the morning, five divisions of paratroopers moved into Gwangjus downtown. Students and citizens tried to block their way by lying in the streets, while the armed citizen militias prepared for a renewed firefight. After an hour and a half of desperate fighting, the army seized control of the city once more. Casualties in the Gwangju Massacre The Chun Doo-hwan government issued a report stating that 144 civilians, 22 troops, and four police officers had been killed in the Gwangju Uprising. Anyone who disputed their death toll could be arrested. However, census figures reveal that almost 2,000 citizens of Gwangju disappeared during this time period. A small number of the student victims, mostly those who died on May 24, are buried in Mangwol-dong Cemetery near Gwangju. However, eyewitnesses tell of seeing hundreds of bodies dumped in several mass graves on the outskirts of the city. The Aftermath In the aftermath of the horrific Gwangju Massacre, the administration of General Chun lost most of its legitimacy in the eyes of the Korean people. Pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the 1980s cited the Gwangju Massacre  and demanded that the perpetrators face punishment. General Chun held on as president until 1988, when under intense pressure, he allowed democratic elections. Kim Dae-jung, the 15th term President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, speaks on telephone at his home in Seoul, South Korea on June 25, 1987. Nathan Benn​/Getty Images   Kim Dae-Jung, the politician from Gwangju who had been sentenced to death on charges of fomenting the rebellion, received a pardon and ran for president. He did not win, but would later serve as president from 1998 to 2003, and went on to receive a Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. Former President Chun himself was sentenced to death in 1996 for corruption and for his role in the Gwangju Massacre. With the tables turned, President Kim Dae-jung commuted his sentence when he assumed office in 1998. In a very real way, the Gwangju Massacre marked a turning point in the long struggle for democracy in South Korea. Although it took almost a decade, this horrifying event paved the way for free and fair elections  and more transparent civil society. Further Reading on the Gwangju Massacre Flashback: The Kwangju Massacre, BBC News, May 17, 2000. Deirdre Griswold, S. Korean Survivors Tell of 1980 Gwangju Massacre, Workers World, May 19, 2006. Gwangju Massacre Video, Youtube, uploaded May 8, 2007. Jeong Dae-ha, Gwangju Massacre Still Echoes for Loved Ones, The Hankyoreh, May 12, 2012. Shin Gi-Wook and Hwang Kyung Moon. Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Koreas Past and Present, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2003. Winchester, Simon. Korea: A Walk Through the Land of Miracles, New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

An Unpaid Option An Illustrative Essay Template (MLA Sample Paper)

An Unpaid Option An Illustrative Essay Template (MLA Sample Paper) What Is MLA Format? MLA Format is a standard format for academic writing and citing sources within the humanities and liberal arts. MLA refers to a set of rules and formatting guidelines that are used by researchers. These standards are described in the MLA Handbook for writers of research papers (8-th edition) which is a 300-page manual describing every aspect of MLA paper writing. Below you will find a great MLA essay example. Read and use it while writing your own paper. Feel free to download MLA Essay Example Name LastName Professor’s Name Course Number Day Month Year Truth Behind the War                   Media plays a great role in influencing today’s youth and changing the opinions of many. Media’s coverage is so  much influential that it can have an effect on anyone’s opinion and views.  Media at times could be good,  while at times it  could be really bad. For example, in focusing on the  issues of discrimination, it plays a very important role in letting people  know the adverse effects of  discrimination,  while on the other hand media, itself is  being responsible for the growing issues  of  discrimination.                  Ã‚  Media plays a great role during the Wartime, not just by broadcasting the war events but also by letting the people  know the reality  and the truth behind the war. They are the ones who change people’s perspective and opinion. The  techniques in addition to goals  of the media have changed radically. The media now is what bring the news of all the terror  war into everyone’s home.When the World war broke out in August 1914, the United States at once fixed its relation to the belligerents thru  proclamation  of neutrality. The days of the war, before their entry on the side of the allied powers in April 1917, were  marked with difficulties,   both in preventing violations of out neutrality and in securing proper respect for our neutral rights.  The rights and duties of neutrals were  involved.                  Ã‚  At the outbreak of the war, Great Britain notified the United States that she would be held responsible for injuries  resulting to British interests from vessels converted to warships or armed in  American ports, even though the completion of  the act of conversion took place on the high seas.  British merchant vessels, it was asserted, were armed for self-defense  only.  The position of the United States was that a merchant vessel belonging to a belligerent should not arm itself so as to  avoid capture by lawful and legitimate  processes.                  Ã‚  On April 8, 1917, the Austrian government, as Germanys ally, broke off diplomatic relations with the United States,  and in due course, the war was declared against Austria. Until all effective states agree upon the abandonment of neutrality,  those remaining  outside the agreement will insist on their right to judge for themselves as to the neutral or belligerent  character of their policy, in the case of a conflict between two or more other states. This lies in the field of policy. And as  long as the policy of neutrality may be elected, it follows that the status of neutrality will exist, together with its rights and  duties. The belligerent states will be sufficiently active in demanding that a country is impartially a country is impartially neutral. The neutral state  must itself insist upon an observance of its formally declared by the joint resolution of Congress (Cipriano, 1995).                  Ã‚  All this during the First World War was well focused on, and a clear perspective was shown through Media. There  was not any biasness and the news was broadcasted to merely let the people know what is going on in their surrounding,  and not to exaggerate a particular news. Media of that time would only broadcast what was actually happening and so it  would leave the decision to viewers hands as to what conclusion they make out from the broadcast and it had let them had  their own perspective to everything they watched rather than to force Media’s own perspective on its viewer. Change of the War Picture                  Ã‚  Previously media would emphasize a focus on the positives of wars. They paid attention to what people required  and needed to hear. There was no struggle, and money wasn’t as key an issue in becoming a journalist. The commercialism  of news was far less of an issue in the reporting of news. The news wasn’t so much unconstructive as it was upbeat and  vigorous. It was the media’s job to keep their listeners hopeful and panic free. It wasn’t concerning who could get a hold of  the most listeners by offering  the most sensational newscasts. It was about letting everyone know the truth and reality  (Jowett, ODonnell, 1992).                   But now in the present time, media offers overly negative pictures of war and its objectives and accomplishments.  A new legacy would be built: the rising of deviousness, one that imitated and showed the broader dissatisfactions with the  government. Journalism was now regarding the money and the achievement that would be wrapped around it. The  competition rose as the requirement for unconstructiveness in the life unraveled. Good, decent, honest and optimistic news  would no longer be found.   Media vs. Military Business                   We shall have a look at how the media interferes in the military business, so to have a clear vision of how  things actually are. Every time a society has permitted its military establishment to insulate itself against effective public scrutiny that  military establishment has ended up destroying the people it was supposed to protect. The independence guaranteed to the  press under the the First Amendment to that Constitution is one of the most important of the safeguards. Yet every bureaucrat  knows that power flows from each increment of information he or she can garner and hold tight. To the extent that our  society permits such bureaucratic self-interest to restrict access by the public to the business of government – in particular,  its military business – the First Amendment   becomes meaningless.                   Very few citizens have the time and means to search out government information vital to their well-being. As a  result, access means mainly access by the press, like it or not.  In a speech to the National Newspaper Association  following the end of the war,   General Colin L. Powell, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acknowledged that if the  Iraqi army had moved, in August 1990,   as it was entirely capable of doing, to occupy the principal Saudi Arabian airfields  and ports, the United States would have been in enormous difficulty. What General Powell did not tell his audience, but what  Major General Edward B. Atkeson, formerly of the Central Intelligence Agency, had made plain more than three years earlier  in an article in Armed Forces Journal International was that for a period of several weeks, until major U.S. land and air forces  could be inserted, a determined, large-scale Iraqi invasion could be stopped only by n uclear weapons.                   But American journalism has neither the technical competence to recognize the long-term implications of an article  such as General Atkesons nor the structural means to relate it to a crisis that occurs years, or even months, later. So the  public – American or otherwise – was never informed that in declaring his intention to defeat Iraqi aggression the president of  the United States was, in fact, committing the United States to nuclear war during the period when the first token U.S. land  forces flown to the region were in danger of being overrun. Passion for Seeking Out the Truth                   As with every major military story since the end of World War, the press failed. It did not fail because of government censorship. Rather, it failed because of the inadequacies of its own training and organization, deficiencies that prevented it from reporting matters of crucial importance, even when all of the essential facts were in the public domain.                   The media, much similar to the American people, began losing optimism in the government, so broadcasters  subsequently would create such newscasts that would also fill the American people with a strong sense of doubt. A major  loss to the reliability of the public was the leaking of information to the public from the Pentagon Papers. These documents  were discovered by journalists to contain far higher rates of American fatalities and far less victorious battles than the  publicly released government statistics had specified. No longer would the press recognize the government press releases;  now they began more analytical journalism to check the truth of the official reports.                   We need to realize that media is there to raise the voice for truth, not to support the exaggeration of the simple,   uncomplicated anecdote. What the media at this stage need to do is  to make an attempt and realize that to ‘cover a war and  for a nation determined to comprehend it, there  is merely one course. They must share a passion for seeking out the truth’  (DeParle, 1991). MediAffect                   Where do the media fit in this procedure? An average American high school graduate spends more time in front of  the TV than in the classroom. The mass media is an influential socializing agent. Media is not restricted to the contented of  media messages. Media have an effect on how we learn regarding our world and interrelate with one another. Media actually  reconcile our relationship with social institutions. We base a large amount of our knowledge on government news accounts,  not knowledge. We are reliant on the media for what we distinguish and how we narrate to the world of politics due to the  media-politics connection. We read or   watch political discussions followed by immediate analysis as well as commentary by  experts. Politicians rely on media to converse their message. Related dynamics are present in other mediated events such  as televised sports and televangelism. Media is part of our usual relations with family and frie nds. They describe our  communication with other people on a daily foundation as a diversion, sources of disagreement, or a uniting force. Media  have an impact on society not merely through the contented of the message but also through the procedure.    DeParle, Jason. Covering the War†. New York Times, 5 May 1991. Venzon, Anne Cipriano. The United States in the First World War. Garland Publishing, 1995. Jowett, G. S., and ODonnell, Victoria. Propaganda and Persuasion. 2nd ed., Sage Press, 1992. Edward B. Atkeson. â€Å"The Persian Gulf. Still a Vital U.S. Interest?† Armed Forces Journal International, April 1987): 46-56 Get your free MLA Essay template only today!

Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Essays

Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Essays Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Paper Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Paper Introduction: McDonalds is one of the biggest fast food companies in the market share today. It has been running in over 119 countries, as well as they have acquired over 31,000 restaurants in the world now. McDonald’s brand mission is to be customers’ favourite place and way to eat, they are aligned around a global strategy called the ‘Plan to Win’, they also committed to continuously improving their operations and enhancing their customers’ experience. As we all know that McDonald’s had successfully achieved their goal through out the years. (aboutmcdonald’s, 2012) Apart from this, as McDonald’s is a worldwide company, they also had the social responsibility to return the community; therefore, the ‘Ronald McDonald House Charities’ was established to build up their social image. Unfortunately, the market share is not only for McDonalds because there are still a lot other competitors in the market, like KFC and Burger King. So, McDonalds need a good marketing strategy to conquer other enemies and retain their position because the competition in the market is hypercompetitive. As all we know, the successful marketing strategy for McDonalds is based on their innovative and creative promotion and great marketing research in order to keep consumer’s loyalty. Eventually, this project will examine the success through three main sessions, which are marketing research, the marketing mix and the competitor strategies. Marketing Research: Every marketing strategy starts with the marketing research. In the fast food market, McDonald’s confronts competition form other businesses, in order to maintain the market share, McDonald’s needs to identify the needs and wants of customers, and creating the right marketing mix in order to keep customers’ loyalty so as to build up a long term relationship with their customers. Marketing research helps identifying the change of customers’ wills and anticipates how the changes will affect the sales figure. 1. Research method Market researches done by McDonald’s consider everything that affect buying decisions. (The times 100, 2012) The buying decisions could be affected by a wide range of factors, including psychological factors, like ‘what image does the product give’ or ‘how the consumer feels when purchasing’. Next, the economy changes could also affect the buying decisions, for example, the rising living standards. According to Salvam (2009), McDonald’s used both qualitative and quantitative data are developed in the research activities. After McDonald’s had collect the data, they will identify how appropriate the company’s products are for the future; the quality of employees and how well trained they are to offer the best services to customer and the financial resources that available for marketing etc. 2. Customer satisfaction The number of customers in the market is limited; it is essential to retain people once they have become customers to build long-term and successful business. The marketing research helps McDonald’s to indentify the types of customers and determine the type of products and services offered, price range, promotion strategies and even where the restaurants located. The ‘Happy Meal’ is one of the famous product line McDonald’s had produced, which targeted to young customers, the Happy Meal is served with food and a toy, McDonald’s ally with Hollywood studios such as Walt Disney, consequently, the Happy meal had become one of the most successful children’s cultural icons on the globe (Hong, 2009) and brings about a huge income to McDonald’s every single year. Apart from this, to respond the global criticism and the negative effect of the documentary ‘Super Size Me’ on McDonald’s are selling junk food, McDonald’s had introduce the more healthy food, such as salad and fruits to their menu, so as to associate their brand image with healthier food. This is one of the examples that shows how McDonald’s consider the social factor. These are all the examples of what McDonald’s done to achieve the needs and wants of customers. How McDonald’s influences their customers – The marketing mix It is known that McDonald’s used both polycentric and geocentric approach in creating their marketing mix. 1. Product It is known that most products go through a ‘product life cycle’, which sees all kinds of product will eventually go to the ‘decline’ stage. The marketing research discussed in the pervious part is vitally important to understand the changing wants and needs of customers. McDonalds constantly works to satisfy customers by developing new products to appeal them. For example, McDonalds introduced a variety of salads to appeal to the healthier conscious customers (Yahoo! Contributor Network, 2005), and recently, McDonald’s added a new product line named ‘great taste of America’ so as to attract young customers. (UK McDonald’s, 2012) 2. Price As we all know that customers draw their own mental picture of what a product is worth, therefore, it is important for McDonald’s to know the customer’s perception of value. (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) McDonald’s will change their product price time to time based on the result of the marketing research, and offer the most reasonable price for the customers. 3. Promotions Every company has their own way to promote their products; McDonald’s is no different. The promotion strategy of McDonald’s could be classified into two aspects, which are the advertising promotion and sales promotion. 3. 1 Advertisement Advertisement is conducted on TV, radio, website, poster site, and all kinds of media that around our daily life. It is known that positive emotion can be very effective in creating memorable and persuasive messages (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006), this is also why the cheerful senses are always used in McDonalds’ commercials. Apart from this, customer-oriented appeals are also used in McDonalds’ advertisement. To advertise different types of customers, McDonald’s had different strategies, for example, they had co-operate with Walt Disney to produce toys that can attract children. Toy giveaways are a major promotion weapon in McDonald’s battle in the fast-food market share. McDonald’s have long put toys in kid’s meal to build traffic and encourage repeat visit from families. 3. 2 Sales Promotion McDonald’s had developed numerous of effective promotional campaign to attract more customers, and sales promotion is an aspect that they heavily rely on. It is believed that by adding extra value to the product, over and above the normal product offering, thus creating an extra inducement to consumers to buy or try them. (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) McDonald’s strategy is to offer quality food quickly to customers at a good value. The pricing structure for McDonald’s over years has supported this message, McDonald’s has ran many promotions to increase product sales. For instance, they offer student offer, which gives out free hamburger, cheeseburger or ‘McFlurry Original’ with the customers purchase an ‘Extra Value Meal’ with a valid student ID card. Furthermore, McDonald’s also offer different types of coupons frequently in order to stimulate the demand and increase customers’ interest and desire to purchase their products. (McDonald’s, 2012) 4. Place Place, is about the physical location and the distribution points for products. McDonald’s had their special menu in different shops all over the world. For instance, Maharaja McBurger is a vegetarian burger marketed in India; Prosperity Burger is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore; McDonalds offers Halal food in Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Indonesia, Malaysia etc. Competitor Strategies: Nowadays, many fast food shops are building up in the market, which means the market share for fast food shop is becoming more competitive. As we all know, no company can be successful without a good competitor strategy. McDonald’s has become one of the well-known and famous fast food companies today because they have had an innovated and effective competitor strategy to conquer their enemies The major competitors of McDonald’s included Burger King, Doctor’s Associates and Yumburger. RQ Admit Company, 2012) Among all of the competitors strategies McDonald’s had applied, there are three main obvious ideas, which can help them establishing a good reputation and popularity in the market. New Production Strategy: As McDonalds had expanded internationally, in order to keep consumer’s loyalty and attract people’s attention, McDonald’s designs creative productions regularly which are both special and delicious, such as ‘shake shake chips’ and new version of burger. Clark, 2012) Furthermore, in order to spread further their market, they provided vegetarian food, which allowed customers that are vegetarian to purchase their product. Apart from this, McDonald’s has already established a great reputation in the market; therefore, they will be always exploiting their brand’s reputation and consumer’s desire to promote the new product. This is one of the effective ways, which could assist customers to gain their popularity and promote their new production. Healthy Food strategy: In this new generation, a new demand in the market has appeared. People are now craving for a healthy life and are more willing to purchase healthier food. Thus, on purpose of reaching customers’ new demand, McDonald’s had change their products from the traditional high-fat and oily food to food that contained lower calories and fat, as well as they had begun to provide some new choices of food, which are much healthier and more palatable, such as snack size fruit, walnut salad and yogurt parfait. (HubPages, 2012) Charity strategy: Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMDH) is one of the independent and egistered charities, whose mission is to provide comfort and safety place and environment for poor family and some ill or injured children. (McDonalds, 2012) There are some reasons why they built a charity. First of all, it is one of the unique strategies, which can make people feel that they have associated with the donation of the charity, after they purchased the food. Therefore, their reputation and population will increase in the mar ket and this will help McDonald creating a more positive image and change people’s rooted negative thought on fast food industry. Furthermore, RMDH can build up their brand name with co-operating with some charities to organize some activities. This is because it is one of the essential ways to let more people to be interested in McDonald’s. Thus, they can keep being one of the huge groups in the marketing share. Conclusion There is no doubt that McDonald’s is a successful company. The success of McDonald’s could be seen in the comprehensive and effective marketing research, the purposeful marketing mix created that satisfied customers needs and wants and the overwhelming competitor strategies, which helped McDonald’s to keep their market share. Reference: 1. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. , 2006. Principles of Marketing. England: Person Education Limited. 2. Clark, W. , 2012. Product Development Strategy for McDonald’s[online]. United Stated: Hearst Communications Inc.. Available from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/product-development-strategy-mcdonalds-12207. html [Accessed 27 April 2012] 3. Hong, J. W. , 2009. Power of McDonald’s ‘Happy Meal’: Globalization of American Culture and Value. The Global Studies Journal. 2(2), pp. 143-154 4. Hubpages, 2012. Low Calorie and Healthy Choices at McDonald’s[online]. United State: HubPages Inc.. Available from: http://pbdietitian. hubpages. com/hub/low-calorie-and-healthy-choices-at-McDonalds [Accessed 22 April 2012] 5. McDonald’s, 2012. Ronald McDonald House Charities[online]. United Kingdom: McDonald’s. Available from: mcdonalds. co. uk/ukhome/Ourworld/Ronald-McDonald-House-Charities. html [Accessed 25 April 2012] 6. McDonald’s, 2012. Mission and Value[online]. United Kingdom: McDonald’s. Available from: aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/our_company/mission_and_values. html [Accessed 23 April 2012] Yahoo! Contributor Network. , 2005. McDonald’s Strategic Marketing Mix. [online] http://voices. ahoo. com/mcdonalds-strategic-marketing-mix-372441. html? cat=4 7. R Q Amit Company, 2010. Marketing – McDonalds’ Style[online]. United State: R Q Amit Company. Available from: http://essayexpert. qapacity. com/financial-sucess/4604/marketing-mcdonalds-style/ [Accessed 25 April 2012]. 8. Salvam, P. , 2009. Expansion of McDonald’s to re gional markets. Management committee, 1, pp,1-10 9. The times 100. , 2012. The marketing process – A McDonald’s Restaurants case study. [online] http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/mcdonalds-restaurants/the-marketing-process/the-marketing-mix-and-market-research. html

Auditing, taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Auditing, taxes - Essay Example A sample survey and research has revealed a disturbing 16 percent of the audits contain deficiency in maintaining professional ethics in practice. It is but natural for an environ of fast paced competitive economy to witness instances where the issue of ethics is blurred by blatant violations, deficiencies and compromises. JEEP is authorized to deal with deficiencies in audit, violations of code of conduct, testing of internal controls and compliances, and practitioners are under an obligation to cooperate with any investigative communication received from a statutory agency in matters pertaining to audit. Erring members and clients have the options of taking corrective measures, cooperate and comply with the regulatory agency's communications and enquiries, and document their compliance appropriately. Inadvertent errors are damaging and consequential too and corrective measures have to be approved and documented by JEEP. (Ibolya Balog; Thomas R Clay). It is the duty of every corporation and earning individual to pay taxes on the taxable income and sales. However, in the process of paying taxes, the taxpayer may be either parting with more information than necessary, or knowingly or unknowingly hiding information. The existence of additional information could prove to be an irritant later on even if it has no relevance. Getting to know one's minimum tax obligation is a good way of organizing precise tax plans and information. Taxpayers need not volunteer more information than what is required. (Blum Shapiro). Coming to the state tax departments, there is the tendency to vigorously pursue statistical data that help to generate maximum revenue. In other words, the state resorts to witch-hunting tactics by using statistical information to maximize revenue when its responsibility lies in ensuring compliance. Most of these statistical data may have come from extra information unwittingly provided by the taxpayer. With easy access to electronic information and statistical data, there is tremendous potential for the state to uncover purported instances of underpayment. The taxpayer can avert this possibility by confining his statements and figures to only the required level. The ideal option for the state is use of strategies that ensure compliance. (Rocky B. Cummings). Sources: Blum Shapiro, Year End Tax Planning Strategies, Tax Trends, November 2006, http://www.blumshapiro.com/pub/taxtrends/TaxTrends_November,2006.pdf. Ibolya Balog; Thomas R Clay, Ethics, Pennsylvania CPA Journal, Winter 2008; 78, 4; ABI/INFORM Global, p. 22, http://www.academia-research.com/files/instr/215148_PART(1).pdf. Rocky B. Cummings, Too Much Information, Tax Trends, Journal of State Taxation; Nov/Dec 2007, ABI/INFORM Global

Contemporary issue in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary issue in Management - Essay Example bodies and the guidelines given by social watchdogs are only a part of the process that makes corporations recognize their social responsibility since it seems that the bulk of socially responsible actions come from the need to keep a positive public image. Maintaining that image and being socially responsible is a very important contemporary issue in the management of any company. Colvin (2006) reports that companies such as GE, BP, Starbucks, Dell, Pfizer, and Apple may be loved and hated by many people for various reasons but none of these companies can afford to have their brand name or corporate image to be tarnished in any way. In fact, certain companies may use their image to create customer loyalty and brand recognition more than other methods. Others may even go to court in order to save the image of the company (Alleyne, 2005). Undoubtedly, we are living in the information age and even false rumors about a company’s suppliers maltreating their employees in China, or the company’s employees facing racial, sexual or even gender based discrimination can have really negative effects on the bottom line of the company. Even though it could be possible for a company to be respected and appreciated based on just the financial performance (Forbes, 2005), greater appreciation comes when the company displays a healthy level of social responsibilit y along with financial performance (Natural Health, 2005). Social responsibility is not simply a stance taken by the company for exceeding the given ethical responsibility of a company. In fact, it is actually a business opportunity to seek out an image that has remained for a long time exclusively in the domain of NGOs and social organizations i.e. being a ‘green’ company. While this idea sometimes implies being environmentally friendly, the total environment in which a company operates includes a lot more than making sure that the smokestacks of industry do not create more than an manageable level of pollution.

Discuss the usefulness and problems with contingency theories in Essay

Discuss the usefulness and problems with contingency theories in understanding organisational structure. How relevant can they b - Essay Example It is relevant to consider development of contingency theory and its application to organizational structure in order organizations’ managers had an opportunity to develop flexible approaches to organizational structural development. Therefore, contingency theory is an alternative for organizations looking for solution of their current problems and tending to structural changes. A basic conceptual framework of contingency theory is a phrase â€Å"it depends† (Donaldson, 2001). Therefore, any managerial solution should be made with regard to the external factors of a certain situation in an organization. Moreover, a great role in establishing organizational structure plays nature of the environment of organization. In accordance with the contingency theory: â€Å"there is no one best way to organize; any way of organizing is not equally effective† (Galbraith, 1973). In case a perfect relation between nature of organization, external environment and organizational characteristics is established, an organization is on the right way to performance. Such kind of match is called a ‘contingency theory’ or ‘contingency perspective/view’ (Donaldson, 2001). Studies of organizational structures in relation to external conditions of organizations’ operation resulted in studies based on the contingency theory. ... In the study made by Burns and Stalker (1961) mechanistic and organic principles of organizations were discussed. In organizations, where mechanistic principles prevailed, top managers developed a policy. Such kind of organizations was characterized by inflexible policies and rigid decision making. Luthans (1973) develops the idea of relation of contingency theory to management theory. Before theory developed by Luthans management theories were not related to each other. For example, process theory was based on planning, organizing, directing, and controlling (Donaldson, 1996). In order to find a perfect balance between management theories, contingency theory was a unifying approach defining interrelatedness and mutual dependence of all integrative parts of management theories. This approach was broadened and resulted in a â€Å"theoretical model of Structural Adaptation to Regain Fit (SARFIT)† (Donaldson, 1987, 2001). This model can be interpreted in the following manner: in case an organization finds a best relation between internal and external resources, it reaches high performance levels. It is a right way to reach size growth, introduce innovations and diversification (Hamilton and Shergill, 1992). Contingency variables may lead to organizational misfit to external factors. As a result, levels of performance are decreased and structural changes are introduced (Chandler, 1962). SARFIT theory implies consideration of structural contingency theory as relation between divisionalization changes and strategic changes. Bums and Stalker (1961) are focused on â€Å"discussion about changes in mechanistic and organic structures with regard to technological and market change in the external conditions† (Bums and Stalker, 1961).

Analysis summary based on common ground paper Essay

Analysis summary based on common ground paper - Essay Example Today, people would like to know the factors why Saginaw was totally left behind, neglected in terms of socio-economic-political growth as compared with its other neighboring cities. This paper attempts to present some valuable insights that may contribute later to a deeper situational analysis of Saginaw as well as cite and emphasize the missing elements that must be provided with full support and attention. Saginaw is supposed to take the road towards change for a Better Saginaw. This means that all existing resources, strengths, opportunities as well as its exigent problems must be contained in a holistic plan that will address the needs of the city and its people and bring about changes that will chart its development. Moving towards this route, Paoli and Sarah Pedini have already pointed out that Saginaw has the most important resource of all, its People, who they claim are inherently artistic and creative. Should these traits be properly harnessed, utilized, supported and linked with local and international based commercial businesses, these can bring significant revenues to Saginaw. They also mentioned that Saginaw takes pride in promoting its existing old ancestral structures like museums, natural wildlife habitats, spaces for productive cultural activities, parks, etc. that could be developed to attract and develop its tourism industry. In addition, Dr. Chris Schilling, a resear ch Engineer (SVSU) and also a resource person, expounded on the different potential resources of Saginaw which can be tapped and developed as new Saginaw showcase industries (e.g. combined wind- solar industry, energy farming and recycling industry) that will attract external investors who will bring more jobs and income to the city of Saginaw. Like any other city, Saginaw faces deterrent factors to its development as well as new challenges. Greg

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak Essay

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak - Essay Example For such a function, an aim is essential, and thus agency – the artist and this has been richly applied in the artwork as it will be seen in the subsequent discussions. The formalist theory of art states that one is supposed to focus only on the formal properties of art--the "form" not the "content". Those formal properties may take account of, the visual arts, color, form, and line, and, for the musical arts, beat and synchronization. Artist who use this theory in their artwork do not deny that works of art might have content, representation, or narrative-rather, they refute that those things are appropriate in one’s ability to be thankful for or be aware of art (Frank, Patrick, and Preble, 5). Finally, Preble’s discussed the historical theories of art which asserts that for something to be art, it must bear some relationship to existing works of art. The accurate extension of ‘art’ at time t (the present) take account of all the works at time t-1 and in addition any works produced in the gone time. In order for these extra works to be ‘art’ they must put up with a likeness or relation to those formerly recognized artworks. Such a description appear to beg the question of where this hereditary status came from, and that is why historical descriptions of art are obliged to also take account of a disjunctive for first art: Something is art if it contains a historical relation to earlier artworks or it is first art. The Arnolfini Portrait is a painting made on oak panel using oil and its history is though to be in the year 1434 by the Early Netherlands painter Jan van Eyck. People have coined their own different words to identify and name the paining. It has been called The Arnolfini Wedding, or Marriage or the Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, along with other titles. The size of the painting is approximated to be a little full-length double portrait. History has it

Analysis summary based on common ground paper Essay

Analysis summary based on common ground paper - Essay Example Today, people would like to know the factors why Saginaw was totally left behind, neglected in terms of socio-economic-political growth as compared with its other neighboring cities. This paper attempts to present some valuable insights that may contribute later to a deeper situational analysis of Saginaw as well as cite and emphasize the missing elements that must be provided with full support and attention. Saginaw is supposed to take the road towards change for a Better Saginaw. This means that all existing resources, strengths, opportunities as well as its exigent problems must be contained in a holistic plan that will address the needs of the city and its people and bring about changes that will chart its development. Moving towards this route, Paoli and Sarah Pedini have already pointed out that Saginaw has the most important resource of all, its People, who they claim are inherently artistic and creative. Should these traits be properly harnessed, utilized, supported and linked with local and international based commercial businesses, these can bring significant revenues to Saginaw. They also mentioned that Saginaw takes pride in promoting its existing old ancestral structures like museums, natural wildlife habitats, spaces for productive cultural activities, parks, etc. that could be developed to attract and develop its tourism industry. In addition, Dr. Chris Schilling, a resear ch Engineer (SVSU) and also a resource person, expounded on the different potential resources of Saginaw which can be tapped and developed as new Saginaw showcase industries (e.g. combined wind- solar industry, energy farming and recycling industry) that will attract external investors who will bring more jobs and income to the city of Saginaw. Like any other city, Saginaw faces deterrent factors to its development as well as new challenges. Greg

Chap 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chap 10 - Essay Example The food contamination arose from the mishandling of a critical ingredient, turmeric powder, by the supplier. This ingredient is key in the preparation of numerous stews and soups, which have always been our customer’s favorite delicacy (Crandall, William, John and John 154). The turmeric powder supplied had been initially stored in an environment whose temperatures altered its original composition. We regret this hitch and apologize to our loyal customers. We will never repeat this mistake again. The restaurant takes full responsibility of its customers. It will help the customers who are in critical conditions to get better. I write this proposal to you because of an observation I have made concerning the usage of printing paper in the organization and its wastage. Members of the organization waste a lot of printing paper by printing unclaimed jobs that strain the company resources and dirty the working environment (Crandall, William, John and John

Food Preservative Essay Example for Free

Food Preservative Essay Food Industry is one of the complexes which involve a vast global collection of many businesses that come together to avail food energy consumed throughout the world population. Those farmers who merely depend on food that they plant are not considered to be part of food industry in these modern days. The food industry includes the following: Regulations- These regulations range from local to international rules and regulations which govern food production and sales, food quality and safety, and general industry lobbying activities (David, Grotton, 1979, pg417). Education- This can be academic which results to professional in food production, vocational which involves basic training or consultancy which deals on consultation regarding different food products. Research and development- This involves food technology in order to invest various ways of food production which does not exist in the market. Financial services which include insurance and credit services. Manufacturing- Food industry involved in manufacturing of Agro-chemicals, seeds, farm machinery and supplies of agricultural construction. Agriculture- This is a basic area in food industry since it deals with raising of crops, livestock and also sea foods which are the main raw material used in food industries. Food processing- This involves preparing fresh products for sale in markets and also it involves manufacture of already prepared food products. Marketing- This deals with promotion of new products in market. It also gets views from public opinion by advertising packaging and public relation. Wholesale and distribution- This is done in warehouses, transportation and logistics. Retails- Food products are basically sold in supermarkets, stones, direct con. Summer restaurants and other food services centers. Therefore, food industry basically covers all aspects of food production and sales. All transactions between productions of food up to the time food is taken to the market are taken care of. The industry size of food production is quite wide since it covers worldwide population and it’s approximately US $3. 2 trillion in 2004. For example, in United State they spend about US $ 1 trillion annually for food or almost ten percent of their gross domestic product (Harratio, 2007, pg 370). This industry due to its diversity and great need to expand it has around 16. 5 million people who are employed in the industry. Food industry regulations are very vital in every stage from production to consumption. These stages include production, processing, distribution, retail, packaging and labeling of all food products. All these are governed by a mass of laws, regulations, code of practice and guidance. There are general food laws which must be followed by everyone whether one is working in a food business or he or she is involved in consumption of the food productions. This deals mainly with registration of foods which are either imported or exported, the safety of food, labeling, product withdrawals and recall (Brown, 2001, pg 439). For example, the main food laws which are used in United Kingdom are:- Food safety act of 1990 which involved registration of general food registration in Great Britain. General food law regulation 178/2002. General food regulations 2004. This incorporated imposition of penalties to those who breaks food regulation. Some of the food safety and consumer protection offenses include Rendering foods which can injure one’s health by either: I ) Adding something harmful to food. ii) Using harmful ingredients in production of food. iii) Removing any food constituent which can benefit the consumer iv) Passing food through processes which are no recommended. Selling product to purchaser which is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the buyer. Using false descriptions or presentation of foods in order to entice customers. Commission of defense is due to the act of default of another person, the other person is guilt of the offense. In European countries, Food imported to these countries must comply with all their Food safety regulations or else they should enter into an agreement with the exporting countries for those requirements. Exportation by European countries demands that food should meet the required food law, not unless the importing country demands otherwise as per their laws. The safety standards of food should be followed strictly this is passed by the law that states: Food shall not be placed in market if it’s unsafe. Food can be regarded as unsafe if its-injurious to one’s health. – Unfit for human consumption. The labeling, advertising, presentation and setting of food product for consumer should be done in such a way that it would no mislead the consumer. For traceability purposes, operators of business need to keep accurate records of food, food substances and producing animals supplied to their businesses and also records of suppliers where they buy their commodities which should ensure that this information shall be made available to authorities on demand. Food business operator can withdraw food which is not complying with safety standards incase it has left their control and recall food incase it has reached the consumer. In case any company breakdown any of these offenses, the company is liable to penalties laid down by general food regulation (Windsor, 1959, pg 37). Food law guide is a process which needs to be updated each and every time in order to comply with food standard every time. In food industry, there should be regulatory impact assessment team which its main duty is assessment of costs, benefits and risks of regulations laid down which could adversely affect the business in one way or another. These teams are either produced by government or agencies which have statutory powers for making laws. The government is trying to put up better regulatory initiatives which will work with food standard agency which is a statutory body which protects public health and consumer’s other interest related to food and drinks. Deregulation can lead to food safety coming to a critical condition since it opposes most of the regulation acts imposed in food production till marketing time. These deregulations may include:- Free trade agreement. Due to free trade agreement the safety standards of food during export and import times are looked down upon and this can lead to harmful consumption of food. For any successful company to grow well, merging with other companies is quite essential since it enables diversity and acquisition of new methods and formulas which the merging company has. Merging stimulate growth and expression of ideas to give a wide range of products to be produced. The main aim of encouraging merging and acquisition of businesses is to reduce the number of firms operating on one same thing and consequently they increase concentration since the number of firms have lessen and therefore management can focus on something substantial since they are concentrating on a smaller area than before. Also through merging and acquisition companies promote anticompetitive pricing behavior since operations will be taking place on one company which can set standard prices for each items (Manley, 1940, pg 83). In food industry, they have focused merging as something that can bring great impact in economy since it basically changes employment structures. Therefore merges and acquisition results to workers dislocation since the companies will be fewer than before which lead to retrenchment of some workers. The food industry had two distinct mergers and acquisition involved in eight different food industries. These occurred from 1977 to 1982 and from 1982 to 1987. This mergers and acquisitions did not necessary portray the processes causing workers dislocation and lost wages. During the acquisition and mergers, small plants in food industries were added workers during the first merge wave but not during the second one. Mergers and acquisition had small but positive effect on wage during the first merger of 1977-1982 while little effect was felt during the second merger period. Mergers and acquisition also enables many plants to exit their industries during the 1977-82 period and facilitated closure of some firms during the period during 1982-1987. Therefore productivity can be increased and profitability of industry enhanced by actively participating in acquisition and merging of industries. Joint venture by different companies helps the businesses to grow increasingly and therefore increases business interest. Joint ventures also help the business to diversify its products and it basically operates like mergers and acquisition (Zhouying, 2005, pg317). Food technology has greatly advanced in many food companies through invention of new ways of production and marketing of food produce. Food supply chains in any food industry must give way to dynamic supply network and elaborate food technology that drive them. Technology enables high volumes of distributed transactions which take place between different members of supply chain in a rapid and low cost manner. Food technology should be used even during marketing to fit to a variety of transactions.

Isomerism in Molybdenum Carbonyl Phosphine Complexes

Isomerism in Molybdenum Carbonyl Phosphine Complexes Part A Preparation and Identification of the Isomers of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] Introduction Molybdenum carbonyl phosphine complexes with the general formula, [Mo(CO)4L2] where (L=PR3; R=Me, Ph etc) have an octahedral geometry. This means the complexes are able to display either cis or trans stereochemistry. Interconversion between the two isomeric forms is enabled through thermal Mo-P bond cleavage. Only the thermodynamically stable isomer of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] is formed by direct reaction of Mo(CO)6 and PPh3. So in order to isolate both isomeric forms of the complex, [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] is used as an intermediate. The aim of this experiment was: The preparation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] by reaction of Mo(CO)6 with piperidine dissolved in toluene The preparation of cis-[Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] by substitution of piperidine with PPh3 The thermal isomerisation of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] to produce the trans isomeric form Characterization of the products by IR spectroscopy allowed the isomeric forms of each of the complexes to be identified, and the most stable form of the product to be deduced. Reaction Scheme Method Preparation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] A summary of the preparative details for the formation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] is detailed in table 1.1 Volume Weight Molar Mass Molar Amount Equivalence Density cm-3 g g mol-1 mol g mL-1 Mo(CO)6 1.00 264.00 3.788E-03 1.00 Toluene 15.00 12.98 92.14 1.408E-01 37.18 0.865 Piperidine 10.00 8.62 85.15 1.012E-01 26.73 0.862 Table 1.1 The preparative details of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] Mo(CO)6 (1.00 g, 3.79 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of toluene (15 mL) and piperidine (10 mL, 9.62 g, 101.00 mmol), under an inert atmosphere with stirring at 110 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 2 hours under reflux. The resultant yellow mixture was filtered under vacuum for 15 minutes, washed with ice-cold 60/80 petroleum ether (210 mL), to yield a yellow crystalline solid of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2]. Yield (1.19 g, 83%); ÃŽ ½max/ cm-1 3250.88 (N-H), 2931.85, 2853.10 (C-H), 2011.73, 1877.24, 1756.58, 1706.11 (C=O), 1476.99, 1462.33 (C-C) In order to calculate the yield of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] formed, the following method was employed, with details summarised in table 1.2. Mass Obtained Molar Mass Moles Theoretical Yield Percentage Yield g g mol-1 mol g [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] 1.19 378.30 3.146E-03 1.433 83.05 Table 1.2 The yields for the formation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] The theoretical mass of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] was calculated from its molar mass and the number of moles of the limiting reagent, Mo(CO)6 , using the following equation eq.1.1 On formation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] the yield of the complex was actually obtained to be 1.19 g. So in order to work out the percentage yield of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] formed, eq 1.2 was used Preparation of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (Isomer A) by Substitution of Piperidine with PPh3 A summary of the details of preparing [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer A) is given in table 1.3 Volume Weight Molar Mass Molar Amount Equivalence Density/ g mL-1 cm-3 g g mol-1 mol g mL-1 [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] 0.50 378.30 1.322E-03 1.00 PPh3 0.75 262.29 2.859E-03 2.16 CH2Cl2 10.00 13.25 84.93 1.560E-01 118.04 1.325 [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] (0.50 g, 1.32 mmol), triphenylphosphine (0.75 g, 2.86 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (10 mL) were refluxed at 40 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, under an inert atmosphere for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Then methanol (15 mL) was added to the mixture and cooled in the freezer for 30 minutes. The precipitate was filtered under vacuum for 15 minutes which yielded a pale-yellow solid of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2](isomer A). Yield (0.43 g, 44%); ÃŽ ½max/ cm-1 2925.53 (C-H), 2011.26, 1876.74, 1756.04, 1706.81 (C=O), 1462.87 (C=C). The yields of the product, [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer A) are summarized in table 1.4. Mass Obtained Molar Mass Moles Theoretical Yield Percentage Yield g g mol-1 mol g [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (Isomer A) 0.43 732.58 5.870E-04 0.968 44.41 As before using eq.1.1 and eq.1.2 the percentage yield was calculated from the theoretical yield. However in this case the limiting reagent was found to be [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] Preparation of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (Isomer B) by Thermal Isomerisation of Isomer A Table 1.5 shows a summary of the preparative details of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer B) Volume Weight Molar Mass Molar Amount Equivalence Density cm-3 g g mol-1 mol g mL-1 [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (Isomer A) 0.40 732.58 5.460E-04 1.00 Toluene 4.00 3.46 92.14 3.755E-02 68.77 0.865 Since isomer A was produced in a relatively low yield, the thermal isomerisation reaction was scaled so that only 0.4 g of isomer A was used. [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer A) (0.40 g, 0.55 mmol) was added to toluene (4 mL) and stirred under reflux at 110 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 30 minutes under an inert atmosphere. The solution was cooled to room temperature and 60/80 petroleum ether (9 mL) was added to aid precipitation. The resultant mixure was filtered under vacuum for 15 minutes, rinsed with 60/80 petroleum ether (2 x 5 mL), which yielded a brown solid of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer B). Yield (0.26 g, 65%); ÃŽ ½max/ cm-1 3056.60 (C-H), 1873.38 (C=O), 1476.92, 1431.71 (C=C). The yields of the product, [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer B) are summarized in table 1.6 Mass Obtained Molar Mass Moles Theoretical Yield Percentage Yield g g mol-1 mol g [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (Isomer B) 0.26 732.58 3.549E-04 0.400 65.00 As before using eq.1.1 and eq.1.2 the percentage yield was calculated from the theoretical yield. Results and Discussion This experiment involved the isolation of the two geometrical isomers of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2]. Only one of these isomers can be isolated from the direct reaction of PPh3 with [Mo(CO)6]. This reaction requires a long reaction time and high temperatures but yields the more thermodynamically stable geometrical isomer. So in order to isolate the isomer B, an alternative synthetic route was employed. A precursor in the form of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] was used to yield isomer B, since PPh3 is now able to readily substitute piperidine. This method relies on the nature of the ligands. Piperidine is a weak field ligand, and so forms a relatively weak dative bond with the molybdenum ion. However, PPh3 is a strong field ligand and so binds strongly with the central metal ion. This means PPh3 easily displaces the piperidine ligands to give rise to the isomer B form of the complex [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2]. The first part of the reaction involved the preparation of the intermediate [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] which is a yellow solid which is in agreement with literature. The complex was formed in good yield at 83%. The infrared spectrum of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] shows four peaks corresponding to C=O vibrations at 2011.73, 1877.24, 1756.58 and 1706.11 cm-1 (lit). This suggests the isomer of the complex formed is the cis geometrical isomer. This can be explained by employing a group theory technique, which uses an unshifted C=O bonds procedure, as illustrated in figure. E C2 ÏÆ'(xz) ÏÆ'(yz) à Ã¢â‚¬Å"CO 4 0 2 2 Cis-[Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] has C2V symmetry and the irreducible representation of unshifted bonds is deduced to be 2A1 + B1 + B2. Since all of these operations are IR active, four peaks are expected in the carbonyl region of the spectrum. In the IR spectrum there is also a peak at 3250.88 which corresponds to an N-H bond. This is indicative of unreacted piperidine. The presence of residual piperidine did not negatively affect the experiment to any significant extent. The synthesis of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer A) yielded a pale yellow solid as reported by. The complex produced a 44% yield which affected the proceedings of the reaction as enough product was not formed. This meant the subsequent reaction had to be scaled down. The IR spectrum of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] (isomer A) displayed four peaks in the carbonyl region at 2011.26, 1876.74, 1756.04 and 1706.81 cm-1 which were similar to those reported in the literature. The compound was also determined to have C2V symmetry which would therefore be expected to give rise to 4 peaks in the spectrum. Therefore isomer A is cis-[Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2]. As a result, it can be deduced that isomer B of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] is the trans geometrical isomer. The trans isomer has a D4h point group and so is expected to produce a single peak in the IR spectrum. As predicted, the spectrum of isomer B has a peak in the carbonyl region at only 1873.38 cm-1. The trans-[Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] isomer was a brown solid and produced at a reasonable yield of 65%. The trans isomeric form of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] is the thermodynamically more stable form of the two isomers. The trans isomer required more vigorous reaction condition such as the solvent heated to 110 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C and a longer reaction time as opposed to the milder conditions used for the formation of the cis isomer. The trans isomer places the two bulky PPh3 ligands as far as possible from one another, at 180 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° apart, which gives the complex the lowest possible energy. Cis-[Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] is the kinetic product of the reaction since it forms at a faster rate. This is because the activation energy barrier is much smaller, as reflected by the mild conditions imposed (40 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C toluene, 15 minute reflux). Conclusion The synthesis of all three complexes was successful. A good yield was obtained for the formation of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] at 83%. However, isomer A of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] was produced at a relatively low yield of 44%, in comparison to 65% produced for isomer B. The low yield of isomer A affected the proceedings of the subsequent steps of the reaction, and so required a scaling down of reagents used from this point onwards. The infrared spectrum of [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] produced four C=O stretching bands at 2011.73, 1877.24, 1756.58 and 1706.11 cm-1; which matched those reported in literature. This suggested that the complex had a cis geometry and therefore the point group of the complex is C2V. For isomer A of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2], the point group was also inferred to be C2V. using the method of unshifted C=O bonds, it was determined that four peaks are expected in the spectrum corresponding to C=O vibrations. The infrared spectrum obtained did indeed have four bands at 2011.26, 1876.74, 1756.04 and 1706.81 cm-1. This shows good correlation with the predictions from group theory. For isomer B of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2], the spectrum displayed a single peak at 1873.38 cm-1 which corresponds to C=O. The geometry of the complex is therefore confirmed to be trans, and the point group deduced to be D4h for the complex. The colours of the complexes showed good agreement with that reported in literature. The intermediate complex [Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] was yellow in colour. The cis isomer of [Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] was pale yellow, whilst the trans isomer was brown. To summarize the products were produced in reasonable yield, and the IR spectra along with group theory allowed the distinction of the isomeric forms of the complexes. Questions A complex ion is formed when a d-block transition metal ion forms a coordinate bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a ligand. A ligand is an ion or molecule that surrounds the metal ion and is able to donate a pair of electrons to it. This means the ligand is a Lewis base, whilst the central metal ion functions as a Lewis acid. There are two types of bonding between a d-block transition metal and a ligand, namely ÏÆ'-bonding and Ï€-bonding. ÏÆ'-bonding is present in all interactions between a metal and ligand because the lone pair of the ligand lies on the internuclear axis. However, some ligands are able to participate in Ï€-bonding interactions. A ligand is said to be a Ï€-donor ligand if the interaction involves donation of electron density from a filled orbital towards an empty metal orbital. It is also possible for a ligand to be a Ï€-acceptor ligand. In this case, electron density is donated from a filled orbital on the metal to an empty orbital on the ligand. The bonding between a d-block transition metal and specific ligands is discussed below: C≠¡O Carbon monoxide is a strong field ligand with its position high in the spectrochemical series, which means that it gives rise to low spin complexes, due to the fact that it has a large value of Δoct. There are two components that describe the metal carbonyl bonding. ÏÆ'-bonding – when a lone pair of electrons from C≠¡O is donated to an empty d-orbital on the metal, this is known as ÏÆ'-bonding. Ï€-acceptor ligand – when electrons from the filled metal d-orbital are donated to an empty Ï€* acceptor orbital on CO, this is known as Ï€-back donation. CO is both a ÏÆ'-donor and Ï€-acceptor ligand. Since these components complement one another, this results in synergic bonding. In other words, the greater the ÏÆ'-donation the greater the Ï€-back donation. However the extent of backbonding does depend on the oxidation state of the metal and the electronic properties of the other ligands present. Structurally, as a result of synergic reinforcing components, the metal carbonyl bond strength is increased, but this means the C≠¡O is weakened, relative to free C≠¡O gas. This is due to an increase in the electron density of the antibonding Ï€* orbital. PPh3 Triphenylphosphine has a lone pair of electrons on P that it is able to donate to the transition metal centre, and so acts as a ÏÆ'-donor ligand as illustrated in figure†¦. The phosphine has a vacant orbital, so in theory it can also act as a Ï€-acceptor ligand. However, the 3d orbitals that are vacant on phosphorus may be of too high energy for Ï€-backdonation to occur. Instead the ÏÆ'* orbital contributes as the main acceptor component. The ability of a phosphine ligand to act as an acceptor is controlled by the identity of the R substituent. Since in PPh3, the substituent is phenyl which is not a very electron-withdrawing group, the Ï€ acceptor properties are weak. This is because the phenyl rings are not electron-withdrawing enough to lower the energy of the 3d orbitals on phosphorus. However, if the R substituent was replaced by an electron-withdrawing group, the Ï€ acceptor properties of the phosphine group would be greater. To summarise, PPh3 is a good donor but a poor acceptor. Piperidine The molecular formula of piperidine is C5H10NH and the structural formula is displayed in figure†¦. Piperidine can act as a ligand because the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons. However unlike CO and PPh3 it is classed as an intermediate field ligand. Piperidine is able to donate its lone pair of electrons on nitrogen to the transition metal centre, and so is said to act as a ÏÆ'-donor. However since the nitrogen atom only has one lone pair of electrons, it is unable to participate in Ï€-backdonation. [Mo(CO)4L2] where L exists as piperidine or PPh3 may exist as two different geometrical isomers: cis or trans. By considering only the C≠¡O bond of the compound in the infrared spectrum and by exploitation of group theory, the molecular arrangement of the compounds prepared could be determined. Cis For cis-[Mo(CO)4L2] the point group was identified to be C2V (since it has a C2 axis, ÏÆ'(xz) and ÏÆ'(yz) components). In the case of cis-[Mo(CO)4L2] the character table for C2V is CHARACTER TABLE C2V here Since only the C≠¡O bonds are being considered, the reducible representation of the number of unshifted C≠¡O bonds under each operation of the point group is detailed in table†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. E C2 ÏÆ'(xz) ÏÆ'(yz) à Ã¢â‚¬Å"CO 4 0 2 2 The reduction formula provides a means of converting a reducible representation into a sum of irreducible representations Where ai= number of times an IRREP contributes to the reducible representation; h= total number of symmetry operations, nR= number of operations in a class; χ(R) = character in reducible representation; χIR= character in IRREP Therefore when the formula is applied to each line of the character table we get: So overall à Ã¢â‚¬Å"CO = 2A1+B1+B2 The complex was then described in terms of vibrational modes, à Ã¢â‚¬Å"CO E C2 ÏÆ'(xz) ÏÆ'(yz) à Ã¢â‚¬Å"CO 2 0 1 1 Using table (C2v character table) it can be seen that A1, B1 and B2 are all infrared active. Therefore cis-[Mo(CO)4L2] would be expected to give rise to four peaks in the vibrational spectrum. The same process was carried out for the trans isomer in order to determine the number of IR active bands in the vibrational spectrum. Trans For trans-[Mo(CO)4L2] the point group was identified to be D4h In the case of trans-[Mo(CO)4L2] the character table for D4h is CHARACTER TABLE D4h here Since only the C≠¡O bonds are being considered, the reducible representation of the number of unshifted C≠¡O bonds under each operation of the point group is detailed in table†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. E 2C4 C2 2C2’ 2C2† i 2S4 ÏÆ'h 2ÏÆ'i 2ÏÆ'd à Ã¢â‚¬Å"3N 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 0 As before the reduction formula was used to convert the reducible representation into a sum of irreducible representations Therefore when the formula is applied to each line of the character table we get: E 2C4 C2 2C2’ 2C2† i 2S4 ÏÆ'h 2ÏÆ'i 2ÏÆ'd ai A1g 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 1 A2g 4 0 0 -4 0 0 0 -4

Suicide Essay -- essays research papers

Someone, somewhere, commits suicide every 18 minutes. You might never be able to tell who it will be, it could be the person sitting right next . Statistics reveal that approximately three million youths, between 12-18, have either thought about or attempted suicide in the past year. More than 1/3, actually succeeded. Only in the past two decades, have depression and suicide been taken seriously. Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. Depression affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about themselves, and the way they think of the things around them. It comes as no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular diseas...

Reconstruction :: essays research papers

At the end of the Civil War there was a period of time in the United States known as the reconstruction period, that lasted for about a decade. During this period the country was in a state of rebuilding. Money, bonds, and stocks were worth nothing. Forty thousand United State citizens were dead or gone, and cities lay in ruin. The dream of an independent nation was just that, an unrealistic dream. The south had lost entire cities to destruction of war and needed to not only rebuild them but also revive its cotton industry. During both the civil war and civil war reconstruction time periods, there were many changes going on in the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation, as well as legislation such as the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, was causing a new awakening of democracy; while the renouncing of secession by the South marked a definite triumph for Nationalism. As well, the government was involved in altercations of its own. During reconstruction, the legislat ive and executive branches eventually came to blows over the use of power. The nation was being altered by forces which caused, and later repaired, a broken Union. President Lincoln wanted everything to return to normal as quickly as possible after the war. Therefore, Lincoln announced the freeing of all slaves in areas not in Union control. Although the proclamation did not free all slaves everywhere, it was the action that would push Congress to pass the thirteenth amendment in 1865. The amendment, ratified later in 1865, stated that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Lincoln also established a plan for reconstruction, which was deemed the Ten Percent Plan. Even before the war ended, Lincoln knew there would be a need of a plan of reconstruction. Lincoln issued a proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction for the people in the south. The proclamation basically forgave and Confederate for trying to secede from the Union if he would swear to support the Constitution of the United States and the Union. Politically, Lincoln would recogn ize the state executively if one tenth of the conquered state’s total vote in the presidential election f 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the union and organized a government that got rid of slavery. The Radical Republicans wanted a slower readmission process so they trued to pass the Wade-Davis Bill, which would make one half of eligible voters to take the oath of allegiance and accept emancipation.

David Milgaard

l Saskatoon man failed by the Canadian justice system The potential of an innocent person wrongfully being arrested, convicted, and punished has always been a risk and a fear on our justice system. As the justice system is handled by humans, it is bound to make mistakes and such errors can lead to circumstances in which an innocent is found guilty; this is called a miscarriage of justice. Miscarriage of justice means the failure of a judicial system or court in the administration of justice, especially when an innocent is convicted in a crime.An example would be the wrongful conviction of David Milgaard involving the rape and murder of Gail Miller back in 1969. The Canadian justice system failed tremendously wasted millions of dollars and lost the public confidence of the system. More importantly, this even took away two decades of one man’s life. The factors of social perception of deviance, the influence of the media, and the misconception of investigating police and prosecu tion played a substantial role in the resulting miscarriage of justice.The Canadian justice system did indeed fail David Milgaard because there was not enough valid evidence to hold him as guilty in the time since his conviction. Media of all types were a part of this miscarriage of justice as there was misinformation and facts that was being spread around about David Milgaard. There is no valid reason why media sources had to target Milgaard in the eye of the nation and say false information to the rest of the country. All the media was doing was putting fear into the heads of people who lived in Saskatoon.Even the police were pressured knowing that the public wanted a killer to go in to jail. The police already thought it was Milgaard, who was the one that did the raping and killing of Miller but in May of 1969, Saskatoon police were getting desperate to find Miller’s murderer. It had already been four months since the time that she was murdered and since Milgaard had a bad history, it seemed perfect to police to look at him as the suspect. At the time when Miller was murdered, there were a number of other women who were raped throughout Saskatoon.In a coincidence, one of Miller’s neighbours had been sexually assaulted right after Milgaard was arrested there were newspapers that mentioned Miller’s murderer was possibly responsible for up to 3 other rapes in that community that could potentially been Larry Fisher. This was just one way that the media picked on Milgaard, and the fact that the media wanted to push some fear into the community. In the community that Gail was living in, there were posters that were posted publicly. All the posters would have a picture of Miller and just above that it would say â€Å"MURDERER†.It was just a matter of time where everything and everyone seemed to be pointing to one person, David Milgaard. Everything started to go downhill once Milgaard was arrested. The media was the main force behind thi s case. The media know the in and outs of finding unique events and they try to make it like it is an everyday occurrence. The media was feeding on the fact that the community that Miller was murdered in was a quiet community. There were no crimes of this size that was made in that particular community until the day Miller was murdered.Because of this the media made it look like Milgaard a serial rapist. Since all the pressure was on Milgaard, both the community and everyone else in the country wanted him to be locked up in jail. At the time of Milgaard’s arrest, he was only 16 years-old, but at the time of the trial, Milgaard was 17 years-old. Milgaard was tried as an adult. Since Milgaard was tried as an adult, this helped by comforting people’s concerns. In Milgaard’s conviction, the Canadian media and society’s image of deviance played a major role.The professional and institutional misconduct was also held responsible for the major injustice that has fell upon Milgaard and his family. There was barely any evidence for police to arrest Milgaard. The main reason why the police arrested Milgaard was because of they thought that they saw characteristics of a crime, so they decided that a crime control approach would be needed. But clearly, there was no characteristic that was shown by Milgaard that proves that he committed a murder in any way.The Saskatoon police started an investigation into Milgaard’s life once Albert Cadrain (a friend of Milgaard’s, who mentioned that Milgaard was the one who committed the murder). The police wanted to find out if there was any motive as to why Miller may have been killed by Milgaard. The police were unsuccessful on realizing Cadrain's claim. The police did recover illustration of truthful facts. Since police had a fixed mind so they decided to neglect the truth. In the present circumstances police figured Milgaard was a clear suspect.Milgaard was a teenager whose appearance looks like a hippie and he was involved in drugs with his friends. According to Melvyn Green, Milgaard was in the â€Å"eye† of public and police. The police decided to neglect the truth. Police had single vision and they ignored to expand on the investigation and follow the facts which they found. So rather than investigating and discovering the true offender who has committed the act, the Saskatoon police singled Milgaard as prime suspect of the murder of Gail Miller After the trial, Milgaard was then put to life in prison for a crime that both he and his family did not do.The Crown attorney did prosecute a case whose goal was totally wrong. During his time in jail, there were multiple times where Milgaard tried to get a new trial, but was rejected. While in jail, Milgaard's mother tried to reopen the case multiple times; it took roughly twelve years for her efforts to pay off. During those 12 years, the case eventually opened and Milgaard was then released from prison after the courts concluded that he was wrongfully convicted. Furthermore, his mother spent some of the 12 years trying to clean Milgaard’s name. By doing so, his record was cleared.David Milgaard was broken down by the Canadian justice system during the time of his conviction due to lack of accurate evidence claiming that he was guilty. After David Milgaard had gotten out of jail, he had lost 23 years of his life. This tragedy could have been prevented if this case was more thoroughly investigated. This is just one of the few cases that prove to show that the Canadian criminal justice system is not perfect. The public’s opinion of Milgaard was heavily swayed by the media, which had a direct impact on his prison sentence.His bad behavior in high school also made him an easy target. These factors had a profound effect on the jury’s position and the witness testimony. In the prosecution of the case, the trial ended in a guilty verdict due to the misconceptions that the Canad ian criminal justice system created around the case. There were three main issues behind the wrongful conviction of David Milgaard, each and every one of these played their own role in the ruling. Work Cited †¢ CBC News. September26, 2008. Joyce Milgaard ‘delighted' by report recommendations. April 29th, 2012. CBC News. Feburary20th, 2004. Alberta judge to head up Milgaard inquiry. April30th, 2012. †¢ Ryerson University. Wrongful Convictions in Canada. April29th,2012. †¢ Adam, Ann, Betty. June15th, 2005. Commission of Inquiry into the Wrongful Conviction of David Milgaard. April27th, 2012. †¢ Michael Wood. November26th, 2011. Milgaard charged with assault, uttering threats. April28th, 2012. †¢ Murderpedia. Larry Fisher. April26th, 2012 †¢ Adam, Ann, Betty. January19, 2005. Commission of Inquiry Into the Wrongful Conviction of David Milgaard. May1st, 2012.