How does Hughes convey his response to pike in the poem? Essay

Hughes’ responses to the pike include admiration, curiosity, respect, fear and horror. He shows this through use of description, similes and metaphors. During the poem his fear of the pike increases from section to section. He describes the pike as â€Å"perfect†, â€Å"stunned by their own grandeur†, showing his respect for them. In this, the first, stanza he shows his admiration and fear of the pike with the phrase â€Å"They dance on the surface among the flies†. This metaphorical phrase shows admiration through â€Å"dance on the surface†, which shows beauty and grace of movement but it shows fear through â€Å"among the flies† as this can be taken to mean that the pike are ‘the lords of the flies’ which means devil; the word ‘tigering’ evokes a sense of beauty and fear at the same time, much like the tiger. In the first stanza he also shows his fear of them by saying that they are â€Å"killers from the egg: the malevolent aged grin†, this phrase coupled with the next line shows the pike as devilish killers, who have no choice in the fact that they kill, yet take pride in knowing that they have killed; pike are horrifying, destruct ive and fearful monsters. Their â€Å"malevolent aged grin† coupled with â€Å"hooked clamp and fangs/Not to be changed at this date† conjure the image of a terrifying, emotionless killing machine with a permanent glum expression, that will not let go of its prey once it has sunk its teeth in. The â€Å"aged grin† gives the pike an appearance of inborn wisdom. â€Å"In ponds, under the heat-struck lily pads—†, the pike’s evil behaviour is demonstrated by its choice to hide in shadows under lily-pads. This associates the pike with darkness, a common factor amongst predatory creatures. â€Å"Of submarine delicacy and horror./A hundred feet long in their world.† â€Å"Gloom of their stillness:† â€Å"The gills kneading quietly, and the pectorals† These show the pike as being very silent; able to sneak up and ambush their prey. These egotistical predators are much like the dangerous and beauteous submarine gliding silently through the water. In the second section of the poem, stanza 5 – 6 and a half, a truly vivid illustration of the pike’s behaviour is demonstrated where we see that there were three pike in a tank who, although were being fed enough food(fry), started to eat each other. This is emphasised by â€Å"With a sag belly and the grin it was born with† which shows that the pike seems to enjoy and is proud of the fact that it has killed and eaten its brethren. Hughes uses this to show how horrifically uncaring and evil pike are, even towards their own kind; this is the first glimpse we have of the violent nature of the pike; yet this may not be a true glimpse of their nature but rather an evasive and illusory glimpse, caused by the pike being trapped in a tank . In the third section, stanza 6 and a half – 7, the pike’s full-scale craving for violence is brought closer still to the reader. There is no longer a glass wall to protect us from the pike as in the previous section. Two large pike are caught and tied up to dry out in the sun. One of the pike is â€Å"jammed past its gills down the other’s gullet†. In order to prevent us from mistakenly assuming that the violence exhibited by the pike â€Å"kept behind glass† was a result of their captivity, Hughes establishes the presence of the same savagery manifested in the wild. This also shows desire for supremacy which could be interpreted as causing one pike to kill another in the only way it knows how, this is similar to human nature and shows that a pike is willing to step on anyone and anything that gets in the way of it becoming top of the food chain. In the fourth section, stanza 8 – 11, we see how dangerous the pike have become, as the persona, who used to keep pet pike, is now frightened of them. We know this from â€Å"That past nightfall I dared not cast†, which shows his fear of what the pike might do to him if he couldn’t see them. This is emphasised by a human belief that with darkness evil becomes more powerful; in this case the evils of the pike. This last section also gives the pike a mythic quality â€Å"Pike too immense to stir, so immense and old†. It also produces an air of fear and suspense, which is shown through â€Å"Darkness beneath night’s darkness had freed, /That rose slowly towards me watching†. The suspenseful and fearful feelings, at the end, make the reader feel that, one of these monster pike could come up at any time and kill him.

Historical Report on Paul Lauterbur

Historical Report on Paul Lauterbur Paul Lauterbur was born right here in Sidney, Ohio in 1929. He attended Case Institute of Technology where he majored in chemistry. After graduating with his Bachelor’s degree, he started working for Dow Corning Corporation in their Mellon Institute Laboratories. While working he took graduate courses at the University of Pittsburgh for free where he later received his PhD degree in 1962. During his studies, he learned about nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).Then he was drafted into the Army from 1954-1955 then left to work at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He realized new images could be made from NMR. Lauterbur’s breakthrough idea was to vary the strength of the magnetic field over the object which in turn emitted various radio waves that could be turned into images . Then he turned to using these variances on clams and green peppers in the beginning. This displayed different types of tissues in the images which lat er was used to distinguish between healthy tissue and tumors. In 2003, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.Not only did he have breakthroughs in imaging NMR, but in non-imaging NMR spectroscopy proving a method for the investigation of matter. Paul received many more awards during his life including the Gold Medal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, US National Medal of Technology, US National Medal of Science, and Roentgen Medal. Sources http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur-cv. html http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur. html http://www. rsc. org/chemistryworld/issues/2007/May/PaulLauterbur. asp

Audio and Video Enhancements

The information highway has become the greatest pastime in the world. The generation coming to age at this particular time in history has been raised with video games and other devices to keep the brain active on an ongoing basis. The result has us facing a generation of youth who are easily bored. In an effort to fulfill their desire and keep them coming back, websites are leaning towards more surfer interaction. The more interaction with the user the more likely they are to return. This has owners of websites frantically searching for people who can ad the pizzazz of video and audio in an interactive format to engage people on a new level.One particular website where you can see this in action is www. pogo. com. Here you can play games and interact with videos that change rapidly and offer distinct sounds that the player becomes familiar with in order to better play the game. One such game is Word Whomp. On the opening screen of this game you have seven scrambled letters being held by seven groundhogs. As you choose the letters to form words the little animals get dizzy as if they were hit on the head. Sounds accompany this interaction that makes the game more interesting.If the player is unable to make a word, or pauses a long time, the groundhogs holding the letters will go to sleep. If the player misspells several words in a row they become disgusted with him/her. Pogo is just one example of how interactive video and audio enhance the experience of visiting their website. There are many others that are educational as well. These enhancements are becoming commonplace on the Internet. The interesting thing to watch for is what websites will do when the youth of today get bored with audio and video interaction? References Word Whomp. (n. d. ). Retrieved on January 2, 2007, from www. pogo. com.

Economic of Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic of Employment - Essay Example Investment banking services include commodity trading, equity trading which are the shares of companies and finally futures and option trading. These are just some of the services they offer in the market and their main difference with the commercial banks is that they do not accept deposits by the clients as savings and also those they don't offer loans. The roles played by the investment banks in the market clearly indicates the type of activities in the bank, employment into an investment bank is usually very competitive and this is because the rewards and high plus other benefits, the firms also offer various personal development programs which enable workers to personally advance in the future. This paper discusses the various daily activities that are present in an investment bank, training programs in the investment bank, and requirements for one to be recruited into the industry, compensation and reward system and finally the problems faced by the investment banks. An investment ban can be defined as a form of bank acts as an intermediary between investors and capital companies and firms, their main purpose is to provide capital requirements of companies and firms in the market, for this reason they will trade in stocks and bonds, they will also undertake structuring and evaluations on mergers and acquisitions, below are the major functions of investment banks: Function: a. Advisory services: An investment bank will offer advice to clients regarding the various investments and business planning, advice will also be offered on strategic planning and financial restructuring in order to achieve a fair proposed transaction, this service is important in the market because most investors and business are not aware of risks involved and also potential profits in the market. These services are offered by those employed and for this reason we can conclude that an individual may be chosen to undertake advisory services in the organization, this services requires good communication skills and also a wide knowledge of the market regarding the various risks and profitability of these options. b. Trading and sales of stocks and option: An investment bank will sell and trade in stocks and new offering in the market, this service is offered to clients who wish to hold securities by buying or selling these securities to them, this process involves the calculation of risk involved in holding stocks sold to them by clients and communicating this information to the clients regarding what they will offer for the stocks. This process requires the hedge of risks of holding such options and also information on the prevailing prices in the market. This service therefore requires that an individual interested in joining the investment bank as an employee must be good in mathematics and also must have the ability to undertake accurate predictions regarding prices in the market in order to avoid losses that may be occurred due to improper decision making, for this reason therefore the recruitment process is very competitive and only the academically qualified applicants are considered. c. Capital

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example An understanding of the philosophical premises behind Property rights are necessary in the understanding of the tug of war between the owners and the users of intangible information.1 Legal Commentators have often expressed their doubts as to whether these rights are actually rights or privileges as Machlup and Penrose have noted:2 " ... those who started to use the word property in connection with inventions had a very definite purpose in mind they wanted to substitute a word with a respectable connotation, 'property', for a word that had an unpleasant ring, 'privilege'." Intellectual property as a "property" thus is an intangible category of property with boundaries that are not always clear cut and which must be actively defended by the holder against infringements. 3 Tangible property is however visible and documented, and the boundaries are more easily given than for intellectual property.4 The law has developed to protect a person who holds certain intellectual property will be able to defend this property only if he/she is granted a particular right over this property. For example in relation to patents the rights are defined by the patent authorities based on what is defined in the patent claims.Like other property (tangible) one has to pay certain fees in order to have their "intellectual" property claim examined and determined and also of continuance fees paid.5 The concept of property rights thus stems from the ideas of John Locke.6Furthermore the notions of property rights developed in the 18th century as one of the core civil rights parallel to-and mutually reinforcing-the right to liberty.7However, most philosophers have put forward the notion that property is not a natural right but rather a deliberate construction by society in order to secure protection against pressure from the collective.8 Subscribing to the view that property is justified as a foundation for liberty and personal security which provides incentives for long-term investments.Also that if these rights are not balanced or protected they will affect economic growth and poverty reduction.as unpredictable property relationships always impeded impede economic growth.9Revisiting the tangible and intangible discussion between property it can be seen that it has been argues that while tangible property rights easily cause conflict this is not the case with as the popular notion with in the case law is that "no patent can stop a person from continuing something he has done before"10.However the problem arises before the courts when the patent claims do not just include what is actually new and invented and this causes problems in identifying what is known and whether existing processes and products would infact infringe the patent.There is a marked certainity thus despite the legal framework with regard to which a ctivities are acceptable and which activities might infringe the patent. A granted patent right is considered to fall within the scope of "possessions" inArticle 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms. However, the European Court of Human Rights has declined to give an opinion on whether a patent application

Financial modelling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial modelling - Assignment Example This diversification was given a priority in the study and thus the tests were carried out on 10 different stocks. The study was very important in that it would assist economists and even future ones to understand the magnitudes and signs such as the relationship of beta to the prevailing market returns. With the understanding, they would be able to balance them and with this, the market force would be at a balance. The Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) was very influential in that it provided us with the required resources for the study. In the review of the previous literature in the provided topic, the Capital Assets Pricing and Markets model it was identified that the relationship between the beta and the average return is minimal that what is provided. This is opposed to the major notion that the relationship between the beta and the expected return is explained by the difference in the beta (Pahl, 2009, 27). It was also identified that when carrying out the calculations of the expected returns for small or rather low business markets, the Capital Assets and Pricing Model may not be the best method to use. With regard to the previous studies carried out in the topic, our hypothesis and results are superficial. This is due to the fact that there has been the inclusion of the Fama and French’s three factor model. When this model is put alongside the Capital Assets Pricing Model, it tends to show the benefits and the limitations of the model. The CAPM model has it that a linear relationship is provided between the lone assets and the accompanying risk. This is the major problem associated with the model. The Three Factor Model has an upper hand in this case as the returns are distributed in two groups (Bringham, 2009, 47). There are those that major on the big stocks and there are those that major in small stocks measured using ratios. The model also adds two more factors that are not included in the CAPM.

Family and consumer science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Family and consumer science - Essay Example 1.1 Characteristics of Food Production and Food and Beverage Service Systems There are five techniques used in food production. Traditional method Sous vide method Centralised distribution Cook-Freeze method Cook-Chill method Traditional Method It is utilized within the kitchen and has the accompanying procedure: Things into kitchen Refrigeration Freezing Dry store Mise en place or arrangement Ordered from customer Cooking Serving Sous Vide Method It is a technique for cooking food that is sealed in airtight plastic containers with water for more extended than ordinary cooking times about 72 hours in a fewer cases at a correctly directed temperature lower than ordinarily utilized for cooking, normally at 55 Â °c to 60 Â °c for meats and high in vegetables. ... Cook-Freeze Method It is comparable to cook chill the distinction is the temperatures are further. Cook freeze is food preservation method in which it is ready and parceled, cooked, and afterward solidified to -20Â °c in a main kitchen. Cook-freeze saves food for up to eight prior weeks it is warmed for consuming. Cook-Chill Method Cook Chill is a food preservation technique in which food is ready and administered, cooked, and afterward chilled to 3 Â °c in a main kitchen. Cook-chill saves food for up to four prior days it is warmed for consuming. Food production is the place menu is arranged, crude materials are bought and acknowledged, and foods are cleaned, saved and ready. It is additionally where held up staff drop off and get orders. Crude materials are obtained is a troublesome and expert assignment. Buyers convey with it a mass of authority. Hospitality industry needs to give careful consideration to 2 things: Investigating the supply markets: Selecting the purchasing syste ms and knowing visibly request of the inn. Assessing items cost and worth. Advancing itemized acquiring specifications: It is to anticipate buyers trick lodging or take buying cash. Characteristics of Food Service There are a few qualities of food service that make it special contrasted with handling of different items. This uniqueness impacts choices that are made about processing and service. Some of these qualities incorporate: Food preparation and service are work concentrated. Request for food happens at top times, approximately breakfast, lunch, and supper dishes. There are slow times between these top request times. Skilled and incompetent labor both is required. Food is unpreserved, needing

Land Use in Pinchot Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Land Use in Pinchot - Lab Report Example resulted in a decrease in the population of the predator/prey ecosystem while the 50% and 75% fragmentation created a more distorted distribution of the species. This shows that the hypothesis should be accepted. It was observed that increasing fragmentation is directly proportional to the increase in abundance of the Spiny Firegrass (SFG) and Elk population. The wolf and bluebunch wheatflower (BBWF) population remained constant at 0% and 25% fragmentation and drastically dropped at 50% and 75% fragmentation. The addition of the BBWF, elk and wolf created a more balanced ecosystem in the 0%, 25% and 50% fragmentation as affected by the hierarchy of the species in the trophic level (Moorecroft, n.d.). The increasing fragmentation caused the increase in the abundance of the SFG because of the increased amount of direct sunlight brought about by deforestation. The habitat has become more favorable for the SFG, while unfavorable for the wolf and BBWF which take shelter and protection from the forest. Lindsey (2007) emphasized that deforestation directly makes the species depending on the forests vulnerable; and in this case, it will be the wolves and BBWF. The wolves can be considered the keystone species in the Pinchot ecosystem because the results obtained from the 75% fragmentation created a trophic cascade because there was a very small number of the higher level predator that will be able to control the number of the elks in the ecosystem (Moorecroft, n.d.). The observations gathered shows that the ecosystem is a top-down control of population dynamics. Deforestation and urban sprawl has a direct impact on the food web because these two activities endanger the higher level predator, causing a trophic cascade in the ecosystem (Moorecroft, n.d.). Deforestation provides a better habitat for the proliferation of SFG, and urban sprawl drives away the wolves that live in the woods, causing the increase in the elk population, and consequently depleting the

Antiaging technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Antiaging technologies - Essay Example The administrator believes that almost every normal person wishes to live long and remain youthful to a given level. In respect of this, the administrator believes that increasing people’s life expectancies is one of the major duties of a health facility. In his view, those who are opposed to anti-aging technologies are â€Å"new puritans† in that they are ready to oppose medical advancements on every single ground. The administrator claims that humans have doubled their lifespan from time immemorial. In respect of the same, using anti-aging technologies should be embraced worldwide without having to find new sources of stem cells. The hospital administrator interviewed is for the idea of using anti-aging technologies. According to him, human life ought to be prolonged to the greatest extent possible in spite of the associated dilemmas. He believes that humans have always sought to increase their life expectancy from time immemorial and therefore anti-aging technologies should be equally

Marketing and Twitter Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Twitter Essay 1. Is Twitter just a bright idea or a real business opportunity? To what extent does Twitter’s situation reflect the past record of its founders? I think Twitter is a bright idea but also a real business opportunity that its founder has been waiting since 1997. Evan William has developed so many different ideas and created some companies which he sold. There are so many similar social networking companies. Although the idea of Twitter is not fully original or new, but it’s a most successful one. The founder takes a unique opportunity while others don’t and he takes risks that others think is impossible. He had the vision and creativity of a true entrepreneur. 2. A). what is Twitter’s Advantages and challenges given it chosen technology configuration? Twitter is an easy-to-use broadcasting system that allows users instant to transmit short message in real time. It just need carry standard cellular phone to tapping out a message. It’s an open source platform while you can restrict the subscription lists to selected subscribers, or leave it open, which allows anyone to sign up to read your Tweets. B). what are the benefits and challenges for corporations looking to use Twitter internally and externally For internally, the employee can encouraged to participated in a group effort to post topic and join in the conversation with the followers, and the corporation is able to get instant feedback from the followers by using informal Twitter polls. For externally, Corporations are using Twitter for a web site targeting a very niche market, this is pretty impressive. There are few ways Twitter has positively impacted on corporation’s brand image. First, use Twitter can raise the visibility in the marketplace. Second, Twitter have enabled corporation to connect with their customers in a way that makes them feel like they are a part of what corporation doing. Third, many people responded that they actively seek out product on social media. Moreover, Twitter can be a promotional evangelist for the corporation. 3. What has been Twitter’s marketing approach to date, and is it sustainable? By the looks of the information from the case that looks like Twitter has reached its limits with the current marketing approach they used up to date. In order to avoid being pushed out of the market, Twitter should build relationships with potential rivals, but not trying to break them. The biggest marketing problem which Twitter faces is adapting their vision and strategy to the potential market. This can only be done if they adapt a stable structure and operating process as much as changing their values according to their users and market needs. 4. Can Twitter ever earn profits? If so, what are the best ways it can monetize? Twitter can ever earn profits if they manage their market growth and service delivering correctly. For outsider, Twitter should consider selling a part of company to a more stable company that could assist them in staying ahead of their future rivals. Selling some rights can assisted them generating income and help them adjust their marketing strategy. For themselves, Twitter can sell advertising space and adding more attractive services to keep the user excited. Also, Twitter should pay attention to some service their competitor focus but they missed.

Total Quality Management (TQM) at McDonalds

Total Quality Management (TQM) at McDonalds Executive Summary The purpose of this assignment to elaborate about Total Quality Management based on how it implements and how it impacts on an organization. For this assignment I have selected McDonalds as my main research to analysis on their TQM . Total Quality Management allows an organization to enhance their high quality, products and economical product environment and also customer satisfaction. In this assignment, I have analysed in all the operational strategies and studied on their ways for achieving their goals by providing their customer the best service with best quality. There is some information that I have found from the internet and analysed the strategies which has implemented based on my knowledge and by my observation on the working environment of McDonalds. INTRODUCTION. McDonalds Corporation is the worlds most leading food service organization. McDonalds was introduced by two brothers named Dick n Mac McDonalds in the year of 1940s in California. Raymond Albert Kroc, a salesman, saw a great opportunity in this market and advised Dick and Mac to expand their operation and open new restaurants. McDonalds was emerged from Ray Kroc who was in the year of 1955 became one of the exclusive franchising for the whole United States of the American. Every food franchise company would have their own motto, as for McDonalds; their motto is to focus on services, quality, value and cleanliness. In the year of 1977, the first McDonalds outlet was opened in Ireland, Dublins Grafton Street. McDonalds became popular in Ireland and the second restaurant was followed on OConnell Street. There are about 74 McDonalds restaurant around the world and opened five new outlets called Mccafes in Dublin as to provide more variety for their services and employed over 4,000 people in their organization. McDonalds in Ireland has achieved one of the 50th best companies to work for in Ireland. McDonalds has a community programs that focused on local environment that is related to current issues and as well as for family issues. McDonalds has sponsorship of fundraising for childrens charities, environmental activities and for education. McDonalds is the first restaurant that offers their customers with nutritional ingredient with information and these offered nutritional leaflets. This organization plays their role as promoting well balanced diet and active lifestyle for children. The Ronald McDonald House charity that was founded in the year of 1977 and this program offers scholarships; social welfare program and healthcare for children. McDonalds has four principles such as, Service, Cleanliness, Quality and lastly Value. This combination has achieved 100 percent of customers satisfaction. This business is operated based on strict specifications for every products, raw materials and the responsible for implementing the systems to make sure the highest quality on the food throughout the restaurants in Ireland. McDonalds in Malaysia was first born in December 1980 when McDonalds Corporation, USA introduced the GOLDEN ARCHES RESTAURANTS SDN BHD the license to operate McDonalds restaurants in our country. Our first outlet of McDonalds was opened at Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur on 29 April 1982. There are about 185 restaurants that are located in Malaysia and its currently expanding at about 10-15 restaurants in every year. McDonalds has formed many job opportunities for Malaysians. McDonalds Malaysia has employs more than 8,000 local people and gave opportunities for school leaves who are meanwhile waiting for their SPM results or even for college students who wants to work as for their side income. McDonalds has about 120 staff to support at its headquarters to manage the day-to-day operations for the McDonalds business. McDonalds have two main regional office in Penang and Johor Bahru in Malaysia. 2.1 ) McDonalds Mission McDonalds has a mission that is to be in their customers top favourite position and the way they provide their food is to inspired their customers who are delight with each customer with quality, cleanliness, value and services. McDonalds would invite their customers to be part of this winning team and gives every customer an opportunity to grow with the family and striving to give the smiles on their faces of billions of people around the world. Total Quality Management There are important implications for the way people are managed in their business. Every restaurant has responsibility for quality; power and responsibility need to be given for their employees who are doing the work in the organisation. Total quality management in McDonalds requires continuous product improvement and the quality customer service where the needs and wants of the customers are constantly met together. Therefore, to ensure the employees in McDonalds that everyone is responsible for quality in their restaurants. The entire organization of McDonalds has excels in every part of services and products that is crucial for their customers. It can be described to total quality management as the constant quality improvement for the process. McDonalds also practice the strategy of total quality management and tries to improve its affectivity and efficiency level by working in different areas such as constant improvement, quality of goods and training, customer satisfaction, and services. 3.1 Product Quality The skills of a service or product to meet customers needs are phrase as quality. McDonalds works a lot in the quality development of its goods by improving The Ingredients and nutrients of the food stuff. Some current nutrients quality improvement information is as under: For people who are concerned about food allergies, McDonalds have combined all the allergen information into the ingredient statement for every menu item so that customers can have one current foundation of the information. The nutrition information is derived to perform the testing in accredited laboratories, published resources, or from the information that is provided from McDonalds suppliers. The nutrition information is based on standard product formulations and serving sizes. All nutrition information is found on average values for ingredients from McDonalds suppliers throughout the world. Variation in serving sizes, preparation techniques, product testing and sources of supply, as well as regional and seasonal differences may involve the nutrition values for each product. 3.2 Training In the next step of Total Management Quality, McDonalds puts full concentration on its human resources. This objective of training their human resources in McDonalds is to build a balance in the whole working of employees. Therefore they also try to create a link between the quality of a product and the skills of the employees. In McDonalds almost every employee are given training. For an example: a cashier is trained to handle cash, floor manager is practised against his degree in hotel management. And all the other staff is trained accordingly to their job description in McDonalds. 3.3 Continuous Improvement The total quality management strategies in McDonalds are product quality improvement, employee training and development that as be places on the way of continuous improvement in all its functions in the organization. The continuous improvements have fulfilled the needs of the customers according to their desires, wants or requirements and also build its products further competitive as before. This continuous improvement also contains some other factors like benchmarking a quality standard, employee empowerment and sustain just in time inventory system. 3.4 Customer Satisfaction McDonalds pays more attention on the satisfaction level of their customers. To improve the quality standards, the employees are well trained and continuously learning desire of McDonalds results to increase the level of satisfaction of their customers towards their products. When the quality is improved and the workers are serving the customers is well trained and the overall service environment is improved then there is no room left for customer to fell dis-satisfaction towards the company 3.5 Human Resources in McDonalds. Being in part of the pure services and good production divisions, as for McDonalds applied a very good strategy for their human resources. There are such divisions in McDonalds as such as Training would provide best opportunities for their own employees who actually need to be provided due to their lack of working skills in the department. This would help them to achieve its goals efficiently. Separate departments for different functions based for McDonalds it has different departments as for different parts for the marketing department that is consist with the marketing experts as they has perform marketing analysis and the financing department are consist to the finance experts who would arrange and manage the finance. Competency in McDonalds trains their employees in every department as to enhance the ability and to improve the employees skills and also to provide the employees to ensure that they would serve the right product to the right customer on the right time. This would en able the management to compete with the market. Proper utilization of resources: in McDonalds there are experts in different department and they would use the opportunities and the available recourses. McDonalds also provide good services to the customers more efficiently. As the last is, employees job satisfaction, McDonalds provide training for their employees to improve their skills in McDonalds and the results would enhanced their employees to performance even more better. It would make them even more interested to work in a well manner and this would give good reputation for McDonalds. McDonalds Focus on the Competition The weakness point of a business depends on the system and people involved within the organization. It begins by hiring the people who can dedicate in the businesss objectives and can a do better job in the organization. In McDonalds, the crew can make the business achieved for success and at the same time downfall can be happen. Investing in the value chain is a simply idea but in the end it still works. Happy employees make customers happy, and it can create happy shareholders. McDonalds value is significant to implement a good atmosphere that can invite the customers. The automation of the process can discard the corruption and manipulation inside the company. In McDonalds the automation process of the sale are introduced to make it more proficient and straightforward than the manually operation system. The training and re-training can leave a legacy for the future employees in McDonalds. The on-the-job training in the management of the McDonalds is an open the door for opportunity and they can acquire the trainees to be part of the company. The leadership in McDonalds are involvement in the business is the most prominent strategy. But if the management failed to manage the business, the problems might break the connection of the business towards the people and its customers. The strength can start in an intensive research study where they can explore for the new extraordinary service they can offer to the customers as well on their shareholders. The strength also lies on the managements ability to analyze where they can find the solution in their problems. Improvement of some process and systems can make the problems be solved. And with further understanding, all the issues that involves inside the business whether it concerned with the people or the system. 5 ) The gaps in McDonalds. The first gap would be between what customers want and what McDonalds thinks about their customers wants in their restaurant. This gap is the results of a misunderstanding or a misrepresentation of the customers desires, wants, or even their needs. An organization that does a small or customer satisfaction research is likely to experience in this gap. The second gap would be between what McDonalds thinks about their customers want and the quality specifications that McDonalds management develops to provide the service for their customers. Basically, this gap is the result of managements incapability to translate customers needs and wants into the delivery systems within their firm. The third gap would be between the service quality specification and the services are present in every company. If both gaps 1 and 2 have been closed, then gap 3 is due to the inability of management and employees to do what should be done. Poorly trained or poorly motivated workers can cause this gap. Management needs to make sure that employees have the skills and the proper tools to perform their jobs. The forth gap would be between what McDonalds provides and what the customers are informed towards the providers. This gap is called communication gap. It may add in the misleading or deceiving advertising campaigns shows potential more than the firm can distribute or do what it takes to get the business in McDonalds. McDonalds need to make sensible customer expectations through exact communication about what firms can provide them. Firth gap would be between the services that customers get and the services they want from McDonalds. This gap can be negative or positive and for an example, if a customer expects to wait only 2 minutes for its order, the customers evaluation of service quality will be high. However, a 10 minutes wait would be resulted as the lower evaluation from the customer perspective. Recommendations The successes of McDonald recommendation depend on the ability of the entire organisation to comprehend. These recommendations are not inflexible to handle because it will start from the initiatives of the organization or the whole team. Reliability in McDonalds is the capability to execute the service exactly, dependably, and constantly. Reliability a way to show the service that is right the first time. This section has been established to be the one most significant to consumers .Responsiveness is the talent to be provided quick service. Examples of receptiveness include calling the customer back immediately, serving the lunch fast to customers who are in the rush for something, or delivering customers food to their homes or office. A declaration can be practiced when the knowledge and consideration of the employees in McDonalds and their capability to convey trust. The expert employees who treat their customers with respect and make customers feel that they can trust the organisation represent the assurance to their customers. Their empathy is the act of concern towards their customers and an individual concentration to customers. McDonalds employee identifies their customers, recognizes them by addressing their name, and knows their customers exact requirements and provides empathy to their customers. 7 ) Analysis and Conclusion. McDonalds are an organization that realized on the significance of customer-centred philosophies and they emphasise on how to turn the quality management approaches to help managing their businesses. An effective approach has been analysed and the differences between customer want, need and expectations and their perceptions has been highlighted with the full support with an example. These important gaps is the serious quality that associated with external customer services and this could be extend to secure other major gaps and consequently, it could be urbanized in order to be functional for internal customers as for the employees and the service providers. McDonalds has maintained their products quality accordingly to the international standard and also maintains a very good environment in every premise of theirs. McDonalds has a very good learning environment for their employees to development and provides customer satisfaction as daily life goes on for them.

Ethnomethodology In Sociological Analysis

Ethnomethodology In Sociological Analysis Ethnomethodology is the study of the ways in which ordinary people construct a stable social world through everyday utterances and actions is now a major component of all sociology and linguistics courses. The tag was invented by Harold Garfinkel, the American sociologist, who put down the basics of ethnomethodology as a hypothesis, and as an awkward assessment of all conservative sociology. Elucidating on the genesis of the term, he proposes that ethno appeared to refer, in one way or another, to the accessibility to an associate of reasonable acquaintance of his social order as rational information of the whatever. In this paper, we focus more narrowly on this specific theory of ethnomethodology and how more specifically it is important in the aspects of personal and post-modernist perspective on contemporary sociological analysis. We will determine how and to what extent this theory is really convincing as well as adopt a critical stance towards it. There are two central ideas in ethnomethodology: indexicality and reflexivity. The fundamental initiative of indexicality is that the connotation of an expression or remark is reliant on its framework of how it will be utilized. In other words, the learning of what a statement implies relies on some consideration of the circumstance on which the declaration is used. The particulars of the relations in which the contributors are affianced are brought up in ethnomethodology. On the other hand, reflexivity refers to the actuality that our common sense of regulation is an outcome of speaking procedures: it is formed in conversations. Garfinkel Harold (1917) is the initiator of the ethnomethodology field of research. Ethnomethodology is a hypothesis that illustrates the assortment of procedures that people use to comprehend, and make their way throughout, daily existence. One of the behaviors that individuals make good judgment of their lives and relations to others is in the course of reporting observations. These are the different ways in which individuals substantiate or make good judgment of their measures to themselves and others. Ethnomethodologists dispute that descriptions are spontaneous, which implies that by presenting descriptions of ourselves to others, we as well transform the circumstances and the likelihood for communication in that state of affairs. Ethnomethodologists have furthermore used violation experiments to comprehend the manner that individuals put up social authenticity. In these lessons, ethnomethodologists get involved in actions that infringe the undervalued suppositions of daily life , and observe to notice how other communal actors refurbish or recreate the violation in the societal structure. These lessons demonstrate how people regulate their daily lives and how they deal with confrontations to that daily arrangement. Moreover, Garfinkel has revealed how the apparently ordinary grouping of sex is socially assembled. In his interrogation with Agnes, Garfinkel discovered that sexual category is a societal achievement that entails continuous consideration to the ordinary observations that permit individuals be judged as male or female (Janet, 199, pp.102). An ethnomethodological advance observes and evaluates social relations through endorsed behavior, what individuals do in social accomplishment and dealings. It is related to the perception of figurative interactionism, even though it centers most of its attention on the actions themselves and how they are carried out in specific frameworks, rather than taking into account how community actors create implication and understanding in relations. Authors in the ethnomethodological perception seem to be undisturbed with the philosophic emphasizing of social dealings or in increasing a comprehensive hypothetical composition that can enlighten on all features of social relations and the foundations and configurations that materialize from it. Rather, they evaluate social relations in specific circumstances and frameworks, trying to illustrate and comprehend the techniques, measures, and concerns that community actors apply in implementing social relations. For the ethnomethodologist, societ al connections must not be measured as coherent or ridiculous, or dependent on error, rather societal relations is a pack of reasonable measures people utilize to cope with circumstances and frameworks where there is some suppleness for societal attainment and possibly some ambiguity regarding the behavior and upshot of social achievement (Goffman, 1976). Similar to interactionist viewpoint, ethnomethodologists think of these daily relations, and the actions implicated in them, as containing a reliability or steadiness so they structure what sociologists call foundations and formations. These arrangements and outlines are constantly dynamically created through interface amid public actors, even though not automatically in a cognizant approach or as an outcome of intentionally allowing for implication and elucidation. Rather, communal actors are held responsible for their measures in the encounters that transpire in precise circumstances and framework. This implies that social action in a context is an actively produced accomplishment (Cohen, p. 90). The ethnomethodological point of view put emphasis on a communal interface that has a prudence of its own and the manner is one of achievement making good judgment out of circumstances and retorting in an answerable approach. Specifically, this social demeanor is not only devotion to a pa rticular outline of prudence forced by universal customs, positions, institutions, and arrangements of the social order. Ethnomethodology may perhaps be more a technique responsible for sociological approaches, unlike hypothetical ones. Here, sociologists are to position themselves far from the universal perceptive of community actors, circumstances, and social interactions, and observe the universally acknowledged perceptive that public actors have taken on and, at least absolutely, acknowledged as they keep on social relations and social interactions. It not only asks the sociologist to establish and evaluate what precisely these are and how they have progressed in terms of development, but also raise issues or assess critically these, to increase the likelihood of whether these are publicly appropriate and just, as well as to reflect on substitutes. A feminist approach can be associated to the approach by taking into account the realities of womens nature, needs, role, and place in society and how systems of ideas constructed in past interactions and sustained by present ongoing interactions (Wallac e and Wolf, p. 241). A feminist issues proper feminine positions and errands in stipulations of nurturing, socialization mothering as well as the personal field. These approaches may possibly be helpful to those in other circumstances where they are inferior deprived, tribal/racial factions and homosexual persons. Moreover, they guide the sociologist to doubt the place the persons dwell in and reconsider the undervalued postulations of their state of affairs. In this judgment, it may perhaps be critical, resourceful, and probably liberating. Harold Garfinkel, an American sociologist, largely developed ethnomethodology in the early 1960s. Ethnomethodology refers to the learning of the habits in which persons make good judgment of their communal planet. It is different from additional sociological viewpoints in one exceedingly imperative admiration. Functionalists, Marxists and Symbolic Integrationists are all markedly different from each other, but they nevertheless assume that the social world is basically orderly, i.e. that patterns of behavior and relations in the general public are standard and methodical rather than unsystematic and frenzied. They respectively define these regularities thus: Functionalists consider it as the upshot of assessment agreement in the public, which guarantees that behavior matches with commonly acknowledged standards. Marxists perceive it as a consequence of the inferiority of one rank to another, it is uncertain and open to interruption by insurgency but all the same it is present. Moreov er, interactionists vary from these inclusive-viewpoints in that they perceive order not so much as an attribute of the public structure but as something that is fashioned and reshaped daily in the diversity of interface conditions; it is discussed an outcome of the procedures of description, elucidation and concession which comprises social contact. Organization is nonetheless still supposed to be a purposeful element of community life. Ethnomethodologists, in contrast to this, begin with the assumption that social order is mere illusion. Social life merely appears to be orderly but is, in reality, potentially chaotic. Societal array is created in the mentalities of communal actors as the social order tackles the character as a sequence of intelligence imitations and incidents which one is required to in one way or another categorize into a coherent pattern. Garfinkels concept of indexicality implies that individuals make good judgment of a comment, signal or a specific action by indicating the framework in which it transpires; to be precise they register it to precise conditions. We make sense of a situation according to the context in which we find ourselves, looking for clues as to what the situation is supposed to be. This leads us to accept the situation as authentic. If a fellow student walks into your room in halls wearing a stethoscope and a white coat, you will be aware that he/she is not a doctor but maybe going to a fancy-dress party. However, if someone you do not know approaches you at a hospital in similar garb, you might be very likely to assume that they are a member of the medical profession (Garfinkel, 1967). The technique most favored by ethnomethodologists (particularly Garfinkel) is to momentarily interrupt the planet which its inhabitants undervalue and observe how they respond. The motive of this is to depict background suppositions that have been acknowledged as authenticity in due course. In one of his research tests, Garfinkel requested students to conduct themselves as if they were guests in their individual abodes, and document the bewildered responses of their parents as they put effort to understand the unexpected interference of the usually familiar association with their children. Ethnomethodology leans on disregarding information conveyed through communication, focusing solely on how the communication was executed. This is because the attitude of ethnomethodology advocates that all implications are, and can merely eternally be, one-sided and that the single purposeful common realism is the actuality of universally understood communication techniques. Ethnomethodologys reliance upon a kind of relativism is often used to criticize it. In taking this relativist stance, ethnomethodology leaves itself unable to make moral judgments about meanings and therefore it is largely unable to undertake problems like discrimination and authority. Nevertheless, it can be disputed that ethnomethodology is not purely relativistic because it obviously has to provide at least some rules for itself in order to work. The ethnomethodologist must make, and rely upon the assumption that others will appreciate the significance of his or her effort, in a similar approach that you might read and understand these words on the paper. I am discussing something and trying to be non-judgmental about it, but no doubt it does contain my own values. Ethnomethodologists might argue then, that the only thing which humans are really good at is the production of order out of chaos. All other human capacities, such as moral judgment, would be seen as merely subjective and having no truth. Ethnomethodology is certainly interesting as an analysis of how persons make good judgment of the globe as a social place, and how we construct a reality from the minimal amount of information available to us. It shares its investigative attitude with symbolic interactionism. It was mainly developed by Garfinkel. It has its roots in the phenomenology of Schutz and the writings of Talcott Parsons who was Garfinkels teacher at Harvard University (Farganis, 2000). Development of Ethnomethodology One of the achievements of ethnomethodological effort has been its exhibition of the significant penalties for both community presumption and study that flows from the fundamental spot of indexicality. What ethnomethodology presents is a replica of thoughtfulness which relies on intelligence being recuperated from speech in context via a variety of techniques of logic creation. (Heritage, 1984) Talcott Parsons Parsons had been attempting to link the three separate elements of personality, culture and the social system. Although society is largely systematic, individuals also clearly make choices about particular courses of action. What forces, Parsons asked, actually give a social structure to the choices that people make; when those same structural forces must necessarily be rooted in those actions resulting from those choices? The structural forces must transcend the action; and Parsons called these emergent properties, of which the most important are normative value commitments or the shared commitments that each of us has regarding social propriety in particular contexts. Because we share them, we are motivated to comply with perceived social requirements. And we do so because we are morally motivated to do so. This is Talcott Parsons answer to the question of how order comes about; it involves motivated compliance to the normative order. Parsons helps us to understand how a social system of action is derived from the orderliness of stability, rationality and predictability (James, 1994). Alfred Schutz Garfinkels perspective also derived from the phenomenological thinking of Alfred Schutz, for whom the system was an insufficient answer. He believed that the concept of action must instead be derived from the position of the actor in his/her daily experiences of life. He said that thinking of things from the objective perspective of a systems approach, although apparently highly suited to a scientific sociology, ignores the subjective position of the actor and transforms his/her perspective into that of the sociologist. Rather than analyzing what the actor might understand of a situation, sociologists would transpose these explanations into idealized sociological versions of what had actually happened which fitted and thus maintained the system. If one takes Parsons view, the whole concept of the actors view is lost. For Schutz, the world is an interpretive reality in which any particular action might have more than one meaning for the actor. A meaning is revisable as a perspective in the intersubjective space that exists between actors. In other words, although we experience the world through an individual consciousness, we understand that the experience of it is not entirely personal and unique. It is taken for granted by each of us that others see and mean much the same things as one. Everyday life is thus taken for granted as a largely objective phenomenon; yet we also take for granted the subjective position one has of it from ones own particular and unique perspective. The social world is a given, which existed before one came along. Other than when we are stepping back and taking a philosophical stance towards it, it is impossible to constantly subject its reality to question. Schutz suggests then, that our common sense appreciation of experience is constituted by typifications (rather lik e scripts or schemata in social psychology) which refer to what one finds to be a regularity, or typical event, object or action. These regularities make us accept the everyday world as mundane or everyday! (James, 1990) Language is a kind of iconography or library of such typifications which we have inherited in the process of our socialization. When we explain others actions to ourselves we again typify their reasons and intentions: Well he would behave that way because hes a or she clearly intends to etc. These attributions of cause or intention are quite a routine because we intuitively know the type of person we are seeing/speaking with etc. We hold the world in common with others which stresses for Schutz the importance of the reciprocity of perspectives; even where there is a difference of viewpoint it is socially organized an airline pilot is expected to know more about flying than I do!( James, 1990) In everyday life, one attends to the ongoing, practical process of living as events occur and attending to what is most relevant at this moment according to ones interests and purposes. Indeed, unless one is disturbed by a strong contestation of ones viewpoint, one will simply accept what is happening in the way it happens. Scientists, or more particularly sociologists, Schutz argues, do not do this; they stand back and analyze from an extremely diverse viewpoint from that of the performer. They produce concepts which refer to human actions as if they were fixed quantities (which they arent) and employ second degree constructs from the first degree construct of the actors actual, lived experiences. Thus, for Schutz, sociology had been making sense of events which already had sense for the actors (James, 1990). Our understandings of social situations are constructed from within according to Garfinkel. This means that the core elements of social order its order and intelligibility are products of the activity itself . This situation is particular to this moment, to these participants and is what Garkinkel refers to as locally produced by its participants. This does not however mean that any of us merely does whatever we like; we are bound by rules based on the social reality of the situation a practical reality. But it is very important to understand that Garfinkel stresses this reality being conceived as consisting only in actors understandings i.e. their understanding of social features as fixed, typical, required etc. is the only thing that makes them appear to be objective. We act on the basis of such understandings and thus produce our activities as social ones. They thus fit the context in which we find ourselves. There two suggestions of ethnomethodologists: to treat social settings as practically accomplished and to treat members of the action as practical enquirers. The social setting is thus, not out there, but is an ongoing accomplishment achieved through interaction; a product, a process and a practical accomplishment (Denzin, 1993). We may then perceive the world as a constraint, feel we must do things (like be polite) even though we would sometimes wish not to. It is unimportant here whether an action is morally right; Garfinkel isnt interested in what we construct, but in how we construct it. What actually happens is identical to how it is perceived and recognized by the actor. In the formulations or ways in which we describe an event, we are inseparably connected with that event we are the event! Describing, referring and naming are practical actions within that setting. Every time we speak and act we are engaged in the reciprocal consequences that we elicit from other actors who are also present. There is therefore no distinction here between an event and the description of that event by someone in the setting. One would generally produce actions in the setting which make clear to those present (in the course of the activity) what is going on; not make excuses and repairs after the event. What someone says is what they actually mean. When we give a reason for something, thats actually why we did what we did. The social world is orderly because we constantly make sense of contingencies and particularities as knowable, understandable entities. Ethnomethodologists engage in conversational analysis which demonstrates how conversational organization involves structures which are context sensitive. Through these we engage in conversations which are quite specific to their local context. The machinery is general, but its local uses and particular outcomes are specific. For instance: Whats your name sunshine? Dave You own this place? Yeah Conversation Analysis Appreciative the character of discussion analysis would be made simpler if it is thought as an improvement of ethnomethodology which has tagged along the insights concerning the reflexive and indexical character of achievement and use them particularly to informal relations. The apprehension with indexicality is here apparent in an alarm with how utterances recount to the spoken progressions to which they fit in; and the anxiety with reflexivity materializes in the secure concentration paid to the sort of interactional vocation utterances and entire successions achieve. Schegloff Emanuel, Gail Jefferson and Sacks Harvey, who have been mainly intimately linked to budding conversational study, also assumed the common ethnomethodological proposal that relations is systematically based. Therefore, in researching on conversation they began with the supposition that what is spoken is not the approach it is unintentionally, that structures of words are not uneven and complete make-dos, but are premeditated in their element to be receptive to their chronological framework and to their function in communication (Sacks, 1992; Sacks et al., 1974). A discussion methodical viewpoint on realistic conversation will begin by bearing in mind its part in proceedings which are, consecutively, rooted in series. Hence before we carry on with the subject of particulars we will require something of a parenthesis on the interface successions in which they transpire. The Critics According to ethnomethodologists, conventional sociologists are constructing a sense of social order in the same way as a layperson: namely, meanings are regarded as substantive and unproblematic. Consequently they are taken for granted. By contrast, ethnomethodologists argue that the proper task of sociology is to sort out the interpretive rules by means of which we establish our sense of order, rather than engage in reflexively establishing that sense. In this way, conventional sociology becomes an object of study for ethnomethodology, in the same way as any other human social activity is an object of study. Thus, Garfinkels book contains both an essay on coding answers to sociological interviews and an essay on trans-sexuality, the activities sharing an equal status as ways of producing social reality (Wallace, 1995). A common criticism of ethnomethodology is that it does not tell us anything very important. By definition, the big political and social issues of the day are beyond its scope, since the concern is with how we constitute this world, rather than what we constitute it as being. It is argued that the rules it draws out are also comparatively low level and merely tell us what we already know. It denies the constraints of social life upon the actor. It suggests that sociologists can do little more than report an actors version of a situation. These are based on misunderstandings of ethnomethodology and tend to come from sociologists with a very different perspective. They amount to saying that it doesnt look at things in the right way! It is microscopic and trivial; this also suggests bias. The ethnos clearly do have a defensible justification for their perspective- ethnos study the actors methods of construction, but simultaneously employ those methods of construction. It is itself an organized social activity which is practically accomplished i.e. the problem of radical reflexivity: the study of the study of the study! The answer they give is that this infinite regress is an acceptable critique but it isnt their problem; its a philosophical issue. It does not reflect negatively on their theoretical perspective (Sacks, 1992). Conclusion Ethnomethodology facilitates us to move beyond simple announcements of the appeal of processual anthropology to its concrete practice. Garfinkels methods of ethnomethodological breakdown authorize a spotlight on moments of crisis in conversation. It is such an instant that the negotiation of meaning is clearest and hence conversational analysis can be employed as an influential analytical instrument of processual anthropology. In stipulations of the associations connecting ethnomethodology and other sociological viewpoints, and involving the ethnomethodological design and its subjects of enquiry, this is conceivably an added foundationalist and productive progress than is occasionally accredited (Sacks, 1974). According to Dennis (2004), Lynch argues convincingly for the cross-fertilization of ethnomethodology and the sociology of methodical or rather scientific awareness to elucidate the procedural and epistemological practicalities of the common sciences. Lynch posits an epistemolo gical and practical break, situated about Garfinkels abandonment of Schutzs commencement of systematic processes. However, Garfinkels afterward works are disputed to be advanced to their previous, protoethnomethodological, equivalents to the point that they no longer break on Schutzs inconsistent and scientistic emergence to methodological inflexibility. Although ethnomethodological work continues, it is neither as prominent, nor as controversial as hitherto. On the other hand, a modified version of some of its insights is now almost taken-for-granted: there is, for example, a much wider recognition among sociologists of the problematic nature of meaning and of the way in which our talk does contribute to the creation of our social reality. Meanwhile, ethnomethodology has become a relatively prosperous alternative discipline, with its own conferences, journals, and centers of excellence.

Shakespeares Hamlet: Who is Gertrude? Essay -- GCSE English Literatu

Hamlet –Who is Gertrude?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Back in 1883 Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Lectures and Notes on Shakspere and Other English Poets comments on what he interprets as a problem or inconsistency in the presentation of the character Gertrude in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ham. A bloody deed;- almost as bad, good mother,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As kill a king, and marry with his brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Queen. As kill a king?    I confess that Shakspere has left the character of the Queen in an unpleasant perplexity. Was she, or was she not, conscious of the fratricide? (364-365)    As literary critic, Coleridge’s interpretation is in conflict with others’. After all, the ghost does tell Hamlet not to prosecute the queen, but only Claudius. This essay intends to explore this situation and many others in an attempt to answer many questions about Gertrude, the queen, wife of Claudius and former wife of his deceased brother, King Hamlet.    Prince Hamlet initially appears in the play dressed in solemn black. His mother, Gertrude, is apparently disturbed by this and requests of him:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not for ever with thy vailed lids   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seek for thy noble father in the dust:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thou know'st 'tis common; all that lives must die,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Passing through nature to eternity. (1.2)    The queen obviously considers her son’s dejection to result from his father’s demise. Angela Pitt considers Gertrude â€Å"a kindly, slow-witted, rather self-indulgent woman. . . .† (47). She joins in with the king in requesting Hamlet’s stay in Elsinore rather than returning to Wittenberg to study. Respectfully the son re... ...analysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24   http://purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Smith, Rebecca. â€Å"Gertrude: Scheming Adulteress or Loving Mother?† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of â€Å"Hamlet†: A User’s Guide. New York: Limelight Editions, 1996.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publish      

Citizenship in America :: Law Legal

Citizenship in the United States of America, the country whose streets are paved in gold, signifies every individual's dream. Food for empty stomachs, medicine for the sick, care for the elderly, shelter for the homeless, and warmth for the cold represent necessities guaranteed to every American. America is the envy of other nations because of the freedom it offers to its people. Furthermore, the American citizens aid other countries, like Afghanistan, so that their citizens too can experience the liberties Americans enjoy. Few Americans realize the extent of their privileges. It is unacceptable for any American citizen to complain and find faults in America instead of appreciating the rights they are afforded. The government has the capacity and the means to take care of every citizen ranging from prisoners to widows. Complaining about certain disparities is just not fair. Citizenship in America is important because no matter where you come from, you will be accepted. America is the only country where Europeans, Africans, Asians, Australians, and South/Central Americans can all share legal equality. America is a country filled with hundreds of heritages that form its unique and colorful background. Due to our founding fathers, America won?t ever experience communism or dictatorship. Our country?s government is cleverly set up so that the three branches control and limit each other?s power. Citizens of America will live a guaranteed life of liberty. America allows the citizens power to participate in its judicial administration, entitles one to vote, and to have a say in political affairs. Every individual plays a role in the nation?s future. America has so much to bestow upon its people, and a

Early Christian Music Essay

Singing is an essential part of worship to God. Even the creation itself was accompanied by the singing of morning stars (KJV, Job 38:7). So, music and singing were a vital part of the Israel and in the Old Testament we may find numerous confirmations of this fact. Jesus Himself sang hymns with His disciples before His sufferings (Matthew 26:30). During the Apostolic Era, singing in temple and synagogues still united the Jewish nation, and the apostles urged the believers to sing psalms, when anyone is merry (James 5:13), and in his letter to Corinthians, when he mentioned about the order in the congregation, Paul wrote that â€Å"everyone of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-Corinth. 14:26), where psalm is mentioned first. Psalms became the primary source texts for Christian music and liturgy establishment. Christianity, which originated from the Middle East and had spread throughout the Roman Empire during the first five centuries A. D. , was founded on the basis of the Jewish religion and, therefore, its key practices, such as the sacrificial concept and worship, are rooted and were formed from the traditions and commandments of the Old Testament. The center of Church singing became Christ, the Lord. Music was not limited by canons or regulations; it was simple and exalted, joining the loving souls. Love to the Savior Jesus Christ was so deep that the first Christians were aware of the tiniest step towards worldly and pagan influence; therefore, pomp and coddle of roman music did not attracted them. The basis of singing in the early church was music of the Temple in Jerusalem – the chant of words from the Scripture. One was leading, while the whole congregation repeated him. Other Christian singings included: â€Å"speaking to [themselves] in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in [their] hearts to the Lord† (Eph. 5:19), which represented a two-part singing by-turn; being filled with the Holy Spirit, Christians were making and singing new songs, like the new song to honor the Lamb in the Revelation of John. Pliny the Younger, the Roman appointee in Bithynia, in his report to the Roman â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #2† Emperor 110 A. D. , had found out that the activities of Christians are not anti-social and their meetings are simple and start with singing a hymn of praise to Christ, as God. During the Roman persecution, Christians were forced to make services in catacombs – the walls of these galleries still keep the images of singers and, moreover, the texts of hymns. Monotonous music of hymns was amazing in its austerity and exaltation at the same time. Musical instruments were not allowed because of their heathen usage. On the first council of Nicaea in 325, the persecuted church became the state one. Therefore, singing and worship, staying monotonous, was supplemented with such chants as Gallican – France, Mozarabic (Visigothic) – Spain, Old Roman, Ambrosian, and Sarum use – England (Norton, 2002) and was influenced by national differences. The second council in 381 had excluded non-Christian singing, for Christian music, enjoying the freedom for decades, had been loosing its vitality and simplicity. 100 years later, Manlius Severinus Boethius had written a five-volume book on music – De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music) – where he had concluded writings and findings of Greek authors (Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Euclid and Aristoxenus). Boethius had divided music into three categories: musica mundane – described the universe, planets, seasons – music of the spheres; musica humana – described the interrelations of body and soul; musica instrumentalis – described music performed with the help of instrument or voice (Norton, 2002). He claimed that music must be a representation of harmony, knowledge, and order. St. Ambrose and St. Gregory the Great played the most significant role in the development of early Christian music – they have left the patterns, which are now called Ambrosian and Gregorian chants, though the founders themselves had no intention to establish a canon. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, realized the need to enrich the monotonous hymn’s â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #3† performance and wrote a number of hymns for his church, which reproduce the psalms of David in verses. He depicted bright images, using a manifold oratorical language of Cicerone, Horatio and Vergilius. His music was simple and close to folk’s one. He introduced antiphonal singing, known in Jerusalem Temple, which represents a by-turn psalm singing of soloist, while the rest of congregation is refraining (antiphon) the verses. Besides, Ambrose had put a foundation for eight voice chorus in the West. The original form of Ambrosian chant is still kept in native Milan. Pope St. Gregory I, a son of roman Senator, who refused to serve these worldly passions, and, having sold his possessions, entered the St. Andrew’s monastery, became the first monk, who was elected to be the pope. Being devoted to liturgy, which was aimed at prayer and teaching, he advanced the plain singing as a sacred music and stressed on the importance of church music as an outer manifestation of faith that can raise man’s heart to spiritual level. This form of monophonic chant became a standard of monastery (Office) and public (the Mass) worship, as well as other services, and had been sung by choirs. This very chant had replaced Old Roman chant in Rome and has been revised and developed until the tenth century A. D. The singing itself started with â€Å"halleluiah† – the victorious exclamation of Christians after two and a half centuries of persecution. Its best samples were composed at the end of 5th century (between the invasions of Goths and Lombards), in the epoch of wars, destructions, plagues, famine, disasters – such horrifying that Gregory supposed them to be the signs of the end and presages of the Last Judgment. Yet, this singing is filled with peace and faith for the future. Therefore, the Early Christian Music was written in times of persecutions and hardships and was aimed to inspire and give faith to believers. That is why the chants and hymns of that time still restore the souls of mankind and are the basis for main services in the most of Christian world. Works Cited: Holy Bible, King James Version. Plume, 1974. Norton, W. â€Å"Music in the Early Christian Church†. Concise History of Western Music. 2002. W. W. Norton & Company. 11 Apr 2008 . Ward, Justine. â€Å"The Reform of Church Music†. The Atlantic Monthly 04 1906 1-10. 11 Apr 2008 .

Canadian Briefing Note (LCBO) Essay

1. Introduction The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a Crown Corporation established in 1927. It operates nearly 600 stores across the province and has a monopoly on the sale of spirits in Ontario.1 LCBO generated nearly $2.9 billion annually for the people of Ontario – including $2 billion in taxes and another $900 million in profits each year, making it the second largest government liquor distributor in the world.2 The former Tories planed to sell the board’s revenue stream while retaining actual ownership. Now, Dalton McGuinty’s Liberals was handing out a workbook to focus groups it had convened, saying that the 600 stores could be sold as franchises. There’s something about the prospect of a $5.6-billion deficit that has encouraged the government to obtain funds from selling its prime asset. However, the Ontario Liquor Board Employees’ Union has been running a successful campaign against privatizing the LCBO, and at same time, National Union of Public and General Employees threw its full support behind a campaign to stop government of from privatizing the phenomenally-profitable Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Should LCBO be privatized now? In this report, first of all, the importance of the issue is discussed, then a detailed analysis of the interests among government, business and public is presented, finally I will draw the conclusion and make a few of recommendations for privatization of LCBO. 2. Importance of the Issue 2.1. Revenue The LCBO is a highly profitable business owned by the government of Ontario. It is also a significant component of the economy of the province. It generates $2.9 billion a year in taxes and profits. The LCBO also contributes to the economy of Ontario in salaries, rents, and the purchase of various goods and services. This sum of money has a multiplier effect on the provincial economy, larger than the original amount injected into the economy. 3 2.2. Pricing and Marketing The LCBO carries a very wide selection of quality-tested products throughout the province at uniform prices. The liquor control boards can, as single buyers, bargain for lower prices and greater special discounts from suppliers and carriers. The privately-owned outlets are fragmented and multiply rapidly and are therefore not centralized in their operations and distribution network. Privately-owned retail outlets also require higher rates of return on their capital costs than control boards, and these higher costs, among others, lead to higher alcohol prices under privatization. 2.3. Employment The LCBO is a progressive employer of a committed and customer oriented workforce who are classified as permanent (amount 3362) and casual, and full-time and part-time.4 LCBO privatization means the laying off of LCBO employees that will lead to huge losses to the treasury and economy of Ontario. Thus the union struggles to organize campaign against the privatization. 2.4. Society Influence Privatizing the LCBO would likely lead to increased access to alcohol, increased consumption and therefore more alcohol-related costs. The significant potential consequences of the privatization of alcohol monopolies include: increased overall population consumption; increased sales to under-aged and intoxicated patrons; increased problems with monitoring and enforcement. 3. Analysis of Privatization 3.1. Government From the aspect of government, it is a current trend that government should not put more intervention in business. Tory said in throne speech: â€Å"The government will sell businesses it should not operate and assets it should not own.† 5 Thus it is reasonable that the former and current minister planned to sell off or partly sell the LCBO. Another reason for privatization may attribute to fiscal deficit, because ministers want to cut its deficit during their terms. The sale of LCBO will obviously resolve its financial problem in short term. However, if we consider it as a financial decision in the long term, it may not be a good choice. Because LCBO is running very well now, it brings an annual dividend of $975 million to government or people of Ontario in 2002-03.6 3.2. Business Many private investors would prefer to buy the franchise of LCBO or directly buy its retail shop. Because LCBO has already established its stable customer base, and have its brand recognizing advantage, it will be a little easy to develop their business in such situation. But due to limit of small scale, its operating cost would be higher than the LCBO, this may lead to high sale price of liquor. And at same reason, it may not control the quality of product as LCBO does. Until now, too many small towns didn’t get LCBO service because they couldn’t support the overhead of a full-sized LCBO store. Sterling, the former minister of consumer and business services, told reporters. â€Å"With our go-ahead to offer franchises to existing retailers in very small markets, we’ll improve service for residents and visitors, while preserving the LCBO’s social responsibility standards.† 5 3.3. Public Most people are satisfied the LCBO’s product and service, and support the board control. Alcohol is special commodity, thus government intervention is needed at this situation, even though LCBO has monopoly status in Ontario area. All LCBO retail employees are trained to Challenge and Refuse service to anyone who appears underage and cannot provide valid ID or appears intoxicated. Last year, LCBO frontline staff challenged 1.2 million would-be customers and refused service to nearly 70,000, about two-thirds of whom appeared underage and could not provide valid ID.7 It is difficult to imagine what will happen if all these retail shops are sold to private investors, they may consider more on their own economic benefit and neglect social liability. Increased alcohol problems such as sale to under-aged and intoxicated patron are very likely happen. 4. Recommendation and Conclusion The privatization of LCBO is a complicated issue, because we should consider the relationship and interests among government, business, and public. On one hand, normally government should not act as a policy decision maker and business operator at same time, which will easily lead to monopoly and against good faith.8 On another hand, we have to consider that alcohol is special commodity, which should be effectively controlled by government based on public interest. Therefore my suggestion is to partly privatize LCBO, it will decrease business monopoly in the market, but government could still occupy large part of share, so it can effectively regulate the operation of business. There are many methods of privatization, and some ideas had been mentioned by government in LCBO history, such as franchise store in rural area, merge with Beer Store, and income trust. The main concern is to find an appropriate way to balance the interests of all parties, and make the privatization go smoothly during a period, not suddenly hit some party’s interests, and untimely be accepted by all groups. In order to achieve this goal, the LCBO and ministry must be more transparent in their decision-making, and more open to consideration of public health interests. From this point of view, government could organize a board which has enough members from different stakeholders, such as employees of LCBO, representative of Ontario citizen, expert of public health and safety, economists, private investor and government officer. They could regularly meet together to discuss the possible method of privatization and collect all kinds of opinion and feedback from society. Although this method may spend more time during policy-decision process, only when the issue is thoroughly discussed and known by public, the rational policy could be made to reflect all party’s interest and untimely encounter less resistance while it is applied. Endnotes: 1. LCBO, â€Å"Business Information†, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/businessinformation.shtml (accessed 16 October 2004). 2. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 44, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml(accessed 17 October 2004). 3. Ontario Liquor Boards Employee’s Union, â€Å"LCBO Revenues†, http://www.ourlcbo.com/revenues.htm (accessed 18 October 2004). 4. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 44, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml (accessed 18 October 2004). 5. The National Union of Public and General Employees, â€Å"Ontario opening 150 private rural liquor outlets†, http://www.nupge.ca/news_2001/news_se01/n26se01a.htm (accessed 19 October 2004). 6. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 11, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml (accessed 19 October 2004). 7. LCBO, â€Å"Today’s LCBO†, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/todayslcbo.shtml#social (accessed 20 October 2004). 8. Glen E. Randall & David S. Barrows, Business P700 Lecture (McMaster University, 15 October 2004). Bibliography: 1. Daniel Girard. â€Å"Liquor stores could still be up for sale, Harris says†. The Toronto Star, 27 May 1999. 2. Ian Urquhart. â€Å"McGuinty puts controversial Tory ideas into play†. The Toronto Star, 2 Oct. 2004. 3. Nuri T. Jazairi. â€Å"The Impact of Privatizing the Liquor Control Board of Ontario†. http://www.yorku.ca/nuri/lcbo.htm (accessed 18 October 2004). 4. Robert Benzie. â€Å"Eves talked of selling LCBO, insiders say†. The Toronto Star, 31 Oct. 2003. 5. Robert Benzie. â€Å"Eves sought list of assets to be sold†. The Toronto Star, 2 November 2003.

Business Context And Strategic Environment Essay

In the modern business arena, stiff competition has made many companies to diversify their product line in order to retain the existing customers and attract new ones. In addition, firms have established strong ties with their customers through effective fulfillment of ethical and social obligations. This has not only resulted to high profits for such companies but it has also enhanced strong customers’ loyalty and good image to both the government and the general public. This paper keenly discusses the ways in which Easy Jet, an airline company based in London fulfils its ethical and social obligations. Easy Jet Company is a major airline company in Britain which is known for its large number of routes and high number of passengers. With more than 500 routes the company is able to effectively carry its passengers to different regions including North Africa, West Asian and in European countries. One of the major reason as to why Easy Jet Company has been performing well in the market is due to the application of the acquisition strategy. By acquiring other smaller companies, Easy Jet Company has been able to widen its customer’s base leading to higher profits. Ethically the company has been in the fore front in ensuring that passengers have been provided with quality services. In order to ensure that passengers are attracted towards the company services, the management team led by Carolyn McCall, the CEO has reduced the prices of its services. This in turn has created a strong positive relationship between the customers and the company (Dunn and Graham, 2007). Environment conservation strategies are other social aspects which Easy Jet Company has effectively established. This is based on the fact that due to its high number of routes, the company aircrafts emits high amount of carbon which is a major cause of global warming. In order to address noise pollution which is also a major challenge facing the company Easy Jet has adopted ICAO which is a strategy aiming at improving their aircrafts and reducing noise. In the same way, the company has undertaken some major strategies in collaboration with other companies in order to reduce environmental pollution. The first strategy is that the company has reduced unnecessary flights. This has been achieved through introduction of point to point technique. This implies that aircrafts will minimize extra routes in order to reduce the level of carbon emitted in the air. In addition, the company has adopted the policy of taking the shortest distance between any two destinations. As a result, the amount of carbon emitted by the Easy Jet aircrafts has drastically reduced leading to environmental benefits. Secondly, the company effectively utilizes its resources and aircrafts. This entails maintaining an average flight time of 1. 9 hours and 20 minutes turn around time. Thirdly, Easy Jet uses the services of new aircrafts in its operations. By retiring old aircrafts and adopting modern ones the company has been able to maintain environmental friendly policies. This has also been achieved through replacement of the aircrafts after every 10 years of operations. Similarly Easy Jet has adopted modern technology which aims at reducing the amount of fuel used and giving information to the cabin crew about the rate of fuel consumption by the aircrafts. Through the introduction of a modern aircraft referred to as A319, the company has been able to reduce the consumption of fuel by 2%. As a way of showing its commitment in conserving environment, Easy Jet greatly contributed in the formation of European Single Sky regulations which are geared towards reduction of negativities brought about by flight delays. The company has also participated in various meeting with other European based companies in order to ensure that air pollution is effectively addressed. Use of modern technology is another factor which has made Easy Jet maintains a high level of professionalism. This involves adoption of paperless office. Through the use of computers and scanners, the hard copy documents are scanned and then disposed. The company has a well maintained recycling facility which ensures that all the papers used are reused and sensitive company information effectively is properly secured. In the same way the company packaging policies ensures that the materials used in packing its products can be easily recycled. In order to ensure that waste materials from the company are at minimal level, the company has emulated products which are not perishable. Easy Jet Corporations has taken various measures in order to fulfill its social obligations. Open office policy is one of the major aspects which have been adopted by the company in order to create an effective interaction between the employees and the senior managers. In turn, this has enhanced high level of motivation among the employees leading to a rise in their level of productivity. Another significant social aspect adopted by Easy Jet is the use of intranet. This has improved the operations of the company in that the employees and other stakeholders have been able to contribute in the decision making process in the company (Jones and Lois 2007). In addition, the use of intranet has enabled the employees and the customers to be informed about the daily and long term operations of the company. In order to make the employees be part of the company, senior managers have provided opportunities through which employees can publish various issue which affects them during their duties. Such issues include technical, costs of operations and employment aspects. Through regular updates via intranet, customers are able to arrange with the company regarding their journeys. Easy Jet social obligations have also been achieved through the use of online chart forum which is initiated monthly in order to create a strong connection between the directors and the employees. In order to supplement the benefits of the intranet within the company, directors have also introduced magazines which have wide range of information regarding the company. Examples of such magazines are Plane times, Cabin fever and The stable approach. Extrinsic motivation of the employees is also an imperative social issue that Easy Jet Company has initiated. This has been achieved by adopting GoMAD rewards scheme whose aim is to recognize and reward the hard working employees (Brignall and Miles, 2006). This has reduced the rate of employees’ turnover leading to more profits and reduced costs of training new employees. In order to ensure that there is no racial segregation within the company, Easy Jet is an equal opportunity employer. This is based on the fact that anyone can apply for a job in the company regardless of the age, disability or sex. As a result the company employees’ fraternity is comprised of people from different backgrounds. Provision of efficient and safe working environment is another fundamental social issue that Easy Jet has initiated. This has produced positive results in the form of increased productivity by the employees and high level of profits for the company. In addition, the interrelationship between the senior managers and other employees has been positive due to the involvement of all the stakeholders in the decision making process. Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is clear that Easy Jet Company has successfully achieved its ethical and social obligations. The directors have come up with rules which are geared towards maintaining high level of ethics among the employees. These rules includes keeping accurate and full records, keeping all dealing legitimate and refusing bribes from suppliers or customer. The strict following of these rules and environmental conservation policies has made the company attain a competitive edge in the air transport industry.

International Marketing Strategy: Philips Case

1: What are the key success factors (KSF’s) in the male shaving market? How are they different from the female shaving market? 2: How can Philips increase the worldwide share of †dry shaving†? 3: How will you characterize and explain the cross-national advertising †rowing boat† campaign? 4: Who are the target groups for the:a) †rowing boat† advertising campaign b) †gift† advertising campaign c) WilliansF1 advertising campaign5: What is the difference in the cooperative relationship that Philips has with Nivea (Cool Skin) and that with WilliansF1? 6: Discuss the internet as a part of a multiple distribution channel strategy for Philip shaversIntroduction:– Philips is a dutch diversified technology company headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The brand was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips. Now, it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world (People: 122.000 – Countries: 60)– Currently, the bra nd â€Å"Philips† is organized in three divisions: – Philips consumer lifestyle – Philips healthcare – Philips lightingKey Datas:– Chairman: Jeroen Van der Veer – Revenue: About 25 billions of Euros. – Collaboration: Nivea in 1998 (The Cool Skin) – Sponsor: PSV Eindhoven football team – Motto: Sense and SimplicityMajor Inventions of Philips:– Audio Tape (1963) – Compact Disc with Sony (CD – 1982) – Senseo (Coffee machine – 2001) – Blu-Ray Disc with Sony (2006)1) What are the key success factors (KSF’s) in the male shaving market? How are they different from the female shaving market?Philips, the market leader in dry shaver owes its success to a mix of different elements . First of all, the research and development department offers innovations enabling the brand to market different new products all in line with consumer needs . Therefore , the consumer feels the difference and more prone to change. They speak of a rassage â€Å"more comfortable , without irritation , no nicks , no cuts† Thanks to advanced technology Philips managed to reduce boundaries between wet and dry shaving and thus seduce advantage of consumers. In addition, Philips emphasizes the saving of time and cost savings that can bring dry shaver.Secondaly, thanks to its partnerships with brands such as Nivea and WilliamsF1, Philips managed to make known its products but also to associate with brands whose image brands allows it to attract many consumers, but also to benefit from a high visibility at sporting events such as F1 races. Also, thanks to its partnership with Nivea, Philips seems to involve a brand for comfort and hydration during shaving. So we can say that thanks to two points, consumers show a high satisfaction it gives to Philips a significant advantage over its competitors. On the women's market, it is completely different because women are more receptive to the design and sensitivity of shavers. The women's market requires more advertising and promotions. Indeed, this is explained by the fact that the shaver women remains a touchy subject compare to the man market.2) How can Philips increase the worldwide share of †dry shaving†?The brand â€Å"Philips† must increase the worldwide share of â€Å"dry shaving† thanks to four points:– The first one, Philips must concentrate the efforts on the Asia Market – Some of countries, in Asia, have a very fast growth like China and India China: Increase of 67.5 % since 2009 (Male toiletries) India: Increase of 63.6 % since 2009 (Male toiletries) – Philips, have to spend more in Asia market (The brand spend five times more in USA than in China. – The market position in Asia is a weakness currently.– The second point is to continue to innovate. Indeed, we can see that Philips has a real strong competitors like Braun, Panasonic, Remington. Itâ₠¬â„¢s very important for a brand to innovate a lot. The customers must see clearly a difference between the old and the new shaver. People always want â€Å"A new product†. We can see in the history of Philips, that the shavers improved a lot.– Some datas: – 1939: First Philipshaver was introduced – 1966: Philipshaver 3 – Another generations – 1998: Collaboration with â€Å"Nivea†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Philips has two options for a product innovations: 1) Development of a new product (With Marketing Analysis) 2) Improvement of existing products (Technical abilities)– The third point for Philips is to target the young people: – To be their first experience – To make them loyal to the brand – Philips can launch a targeting advertising campaign (Distribution in front of the schools)– The last point is to take shares from the wet shaving: – Wet shaving world shares: 60% – Dry shaving world shares: 40%Foc us that dry shaving avoid irritation, nicks and cuts in advertising campaign.3: How will you characterize and explain the cross-national advertising †rowing boat† campaign?We can see in advertising â€Å"Rowing Boat† campaign some important informations: – First of all, this campaign was launched for many countries (USA – United Kingdom – Germany and Spain) – We can see that the advertising is targeting: Men – Athletic men – We can see the competition and some symbolizes related with the brand â€Å"Philips†: – Three rotating blades– The water symbolizes the skin – Very exclusive sport – Top of the market (Philips)4: Who are the target groups for the:a: †Rowing boat† advertising campaignThis advertising campaign is basically for young men, we can see four rowers in the boat. We know that young men use mainly wet shaving, on this ad Philips tries to show them that dry shaving i s for us too. Then, We can say that it is for people with middle or high incomes, indeed rowing sport is basically for people who have a comfortable situation. To continue, This advertising aims to affect sportsmen, active people who take care of their body.b: †Gift† advertising campaignThis advertising aims to affect women and especially wives. There are three rings linked with the three rotary heads. In fact, this ad tries to make women realize that the equivalency of a wedding rings for a men is a dry shaver (Philips). It implies a new kind of present for men and a new way to think. It is usually launched during Chrismas or Birthdays.c: WilliansF1 advertising campaignFinally, this advertising want to reach people who love sport, cars but not common cars, very performing and fast cars. It implies that Philips shavers have the same characteristics than F1 racing cars. There is also the use of an opinion leader in the person of the F1 Driver. This advertising will have a massive tv effect.5: What is the difference in the cooperative relationship that Philips has with Nivea (Cool Skin) and that with WilliansF1?The relationship between Philips and Nivea brought a new product in a new market segment. It was the opportunity for Philips to widen its product range and for Nivea to differenciate its products. Basically, the relationship’s goal was to make a common product, to unite Philips and Nivea’s know-how in one product to make an innovative product (strategic partner). In comparison, The relationship with WiliansF1 was different, it was sponsorship. Philips wanted to unite its image to the F1’s image which means that Philips wanted to take profit of the popularity of F1 (brand endorsement), increase its awareness, strengthen its image and to show to people that the F1 characteristics (Fast & performing cars, precision, excellence) are the reflection of Philips products.6: Discuss the internet as a part of a multiple distribution channel strategy for Philip shaversAdvantages:– Adjusted advertisement – Direct feedbacks from customers – Availability of products all over the world – Possibility to have a direct relation with customers – Viral marketing, people will share on their walls, will like or comment Philips publication & ads – Multi channel strategyDisavantages:– People can make negatives posts on their websites & social network pages – Philips has to be always in the trend, its pages cannot be old fashioned and Philips has to make posts regularlyConclusionAs a conclusion we can say through continuous innovation Philips managed to impose on the market shavers . Indeed, the technologies proposed by Philips is fully in line with the needs of consumers † faster and more sensitive shaving†. Moreover, the choice of partners and advertising remains important because these through these that Philipse vehicle values and attracts a growing numb er of consumers. The adaptation of the communication strategy by country reveals that Philips puts particular emphasis on the needs of local consumers. Finally, Philips should focus on the Asian continent because some developing countries such as China and India has a fast growing enabling Philips to increase its turnover and increase its superiority over more its competitors.